I-Hedonism imfundiso yokuba umntu wenza zonke izenzo zakhe ngenjongo yokuzilolonga kwakhe, ngoko ke, kunokuthi ithathwa njengentsingiselo yobomi. Indlela enjalo ibonakala iziphatha kakubi kwabanye, kodwa ayikho inyaniso epheleleyo, ngoko ke izigqibo zifanele zenziwe ngokuzimela.
Hedonism - yintoni na?
Ukuguqulela kwi-Greek hedonism yamandulo kukuzonwabisa okanye kukuzonwabisa. Imfundiso ephethe eli gama, ithetha ngokunyaniseka kokufuna iimvakalelo ezithandekayo, ngoko ke umntu uyaziqonda okanye akahambanga kule ndlela. Kwaye ekubeni oku kuhambelana noluntu, kunengqiqo ukuqondisa ngokucacileyo izenzo zakho ukuze ufumane uvuyo. Yonke imfundiso iphela kule nkcazo, kuba akukho mntu ugqibile le nkqubo, ngoko ukuziphatha kwabaxhasi bayo kunokungafani.
Hedonism kwi Psychology
Imfundiso yazalwa ngisho nangaphambi kwexesha lethu, kodwa ukunyaniseka kwengqondo kwintlalo-ntlalo yaqala ukuqwalaselwa ngekhulu lama-20. Kukho iingcamango ezimbini zokuziphatha:
- Iimpawu ezizayo zidibene nokulindela ukuzonwabisa;
- ezi zinto zenzelwe ukukhawuleza ukufumana ukuzonwabisa.
Ukungabikho kwengqondo yengqondo kubangelwa ukudluliselwa kwendima ephambili kwimvakalelo, ukushiya indawo yokucinga kwimvelaphi. Enyanisweni, iimvakalelo zikhonza nje njengeebhonononi xa zibeka inkqubo yakho yexabiso. Nangona kunjalo i-hedonism ikuvumela ukuba uhlolisise ukugxininiswa komntu ngamnye ekufumaneni izinto eziphathekayo eziphathekayo kunye nezinto ezihloniphekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo engenalo intsingiselo ebonakalayo. Ezi zifundo zichaphazelekayo ngenxa yokunyuka kwenani labantu abafuna ukuzonwabisa.
Hedonism kwifilosofi
U-Aristippus (435-355 BC) waba ngumsunguli wemfundiso, ekholelwa ukuba umphefumlo womntu onamava amabini uthi - ukuzonwabisa nentlungu. Indlela eya kulonwabo ixhomekeke ekukhuseleni iimvakalelo ezingathandekiyo nokuzama izinto ezintle. Ukugxininiswa kwimiba yenyama. U-Epicurus wathi ukuthanda ifilosofi kukuzaliseka ngokupheleleyo kweeminqweno. Injongo kukuzonwabisa, kodwa inkululeko yokungonwabi. Ngokombono wakhe, umlinganiselo ophezulu wokuzonwabisa okunjalo yi-ataraxia, uxolo lwengqondo kunye nokumodareyitha ekusebenziseni nayiphi na inzuzo.
Ukukhanyiselwa kwelanga kuye kwasasazeka kwiphondo le-18. I-aristocracy, ngakumbi eFransi, yayivame ukuyiqonda njengento yokufumana izinto ezilula. UYeremiya Bentham, owaguqulela i-hedonism kwinqanaba elitsha, wancedisa ukubuyisela ingcamango yefilosofi, ethatha njengesiseko sakhe semfundiso yakhe ye-utilitarianism. Ilungiselela ukuziphatha koluntu apho onke amalungu alo angakwazi ukufezekisa ngakumbi ukuzonwabisa.
Imithetho yobomi ngenxa ye-hedonism
Imfundiso ayilwanga ngokupheleleyo, ngoko ayikho inkqubo ecacileyo yexabiso, kwaye akukho mntu wenza ulawulo lwe-hedonism. Kukho kuphela okulandelayo: iinjongo eziphezulu zomntu ziza kuvuya. Kwaye oku kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa inani lezinto ezingathandekiyo kwaye ugxile kwizinto ezivuyisa. Oko kukuthi, ukuqonda oko kuthethwa yi-hedonism, kuyimfuneko ngokubaluleka kwabo.
I-Hedonism - ingcono okanye imbi?
Ayikho impendulo engafanelekanga, konke kuxhomekeke ekuchazeni komntu. Kumntu othile, ukunyaniseka kukuphishekela izinto ezintsha, ezibonakalayo zinamandla, kwaye abanye bazibheka njengabalandeli beemfundiso ngenxa yokuthanda iingubo ezintle kunye nokwamkelwa kwamabhati nge-foam ephoqayo. Kucacile ukuba umnqweno wokwenza imihla ngemihla ibe yinto emnandi kakhulu, ayisongeli nto. Ukuba wenza ukufumana ukuzonwabisa kukuphelisa ngokwakho, unokuphelisa ngeengxaki kuphela. Khawucinge ukuba indlela eyingozi ngayo i-hedonism ifom.
- Ukungenzi . Ngokukhawuleza ukuzonwabisa okuqhelekileyo kuya kuba buhlungu, kufuneka amanyathelo amasha, kodwa xa athe gqithiswa, akukho nto iseleyo eyayiza kwenza uvuyo.
- Ukuchitha ixesha . Ukukhangela ukuzonwabisa, kulula ukukhumbula umzuzu ngokuthatha amanyathelo anqumle ubomi bomso.
- Iingxaki zempilo . Ininzi yezinto ezenza uvuyo kwiplanethi yomzimba inefuthe elibi kwimpilo.
Hedonism nokuzingca
Icandelo lefilosofi yalo mfundiso lidla ngokulingana nokuzingca, kodwa oku akunjalo ngokupheleleyo. Imigaqo ye-hedonism ayibhaleli ingcamango yedwa, akuvumelekanga ukuba unakekele kwaye ujabule kwabanye. Kukho iifom ezimbini: zobugovu kunye nehlabathi jikelele. Eyokuqala ibonakaliswe ngongcamango kwimvakalelo yakho, nangona bengabelwe ngabanye. Kubafundi befomu ye sibini kubalulekile ukuba ulonwabo luye lwaziswa kubo abasondelene nabo.
Hedonism kunye nobuKristu
Ukususela kwindawo yokujonga inkolo, into engekhe ihlose ukukhonza uThixo yinto engento engafanelekanga ingqalelo. Ngako oko, ukunyaniseka kuyisono kumaKristu. Akagcini nje ukuphazamisa kwiinjongo eziphezulu, kodwa ubeka endaweni yalo ngomnqweno wokufumana iimpahla zasemhlabeni. Ukuba sithetha ngolu hlobo ngokubanzi, ngaphandle kokuhlalutya amatyala athile, umnqweno oqhelekileyo wokuthuthuzela awukwazi kuthiwa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ifom ye-universal ye hedonism, nayo, ayisoloko ikhokelela ekubeni ngumoni, uncedo lwabanye abantu ebuKristwini lwamkelwa.
Awukwazi ukuthetha ukuba nayiphi na i-hedonist ngumoni. Icandelo ngalinye kufuneka liqwalaselwe ngokwahlukileyo. Ukuba awukwazi ukuzibonela ngokwakho imeko, awufuni ukuphula iinkolelo zakho zenkolo, kwaye ngoxolo ungakwazi ukungafuni, ngoko unokubonisana nombingeleli. Uyazi izicatshulwa ezingcwele, kwaye unamava ekuxazululeni ezo mbambano. Enyanisweni, naye, unokungalunganga, ngoko isigqibo sokugqibela sihlala kumntu ngokwakhe.
I-hedonists eyaziwayo
Kwimveli yanamhlanje, phantse nawuphi na uMdumo unokubeka uvavanyo lwe "hedonist". Nangona ezinye zazo zibandakanya inceba, kwenzeka kuphela emva kokwanelisa ukoma lwabo lokonwaba. Oku akusebenzi nje kuphela kwiminyaka yethu, abaqhelisi bokuphila obukhululekile behlala bekhona. Emva kweEpicurus, owathi wayifumana indlela yakhe yokufumana i-hedonism, imfundiso yafumana ubomi obutsha kwi-Renaissance. Emva koko abalandeli bakhe babePetrarch, Boccaccio noRaimondi.
Emva koko uAdrian Helvetius no-Spinoza bajoyina imfundiso, bahambelana nokuzonwabisa kwabantu kunye nomdla woluntu. UThomas Hobbes uphinde waxela ukukhawuleza, ebonisa umgaqo othi "musa ukwenza kwabanye njengoko ungafuni ukukwenza kuwe." Lo mgaqo awuzange ulandelwe ngumntu wonke, umzekelo obalaseleyo wokugatywa kweenkokeli zonqulo, zokuziphatha nokusemthethweni kwakuyimisebenzi kaMarquis de Sade.
Iincwadi malunga nehedonism
Lo mcimbi wawunomdla kuninzi, wawufundwa ngokucokisekileyo ngabafilosofi kunye neengqondo zeengqondo, iinkcazo zifumaneka nakwizinto zobuxoki. Nazi ezinye iincwadi kwi-hedonism.
- "Imigaqo yokuziphatha" uGeorge Moore . Ifilosofi yesiNgesi ibonakalisa uhlobo lobume kwaye ibhekisela kwimpazamo - umxube wombono ontle kunye neendlela zokuwufezekisa.
- "Ubunjani Nobumnandi" nguDavid Linden . Incwadi ichaza malunga nempumelelo yangoku kwintsimi ye-neuroscience, eye yavumela ukujonga okutsha kwintlalo yolwazi kunye nokwakhiwa kokuxhomekeka kuyo.
- "Umfanekiso weDorian Gray" u-Oscar Wilde . Umsebenzi owaziwayo, oye wafumana ingqungquthela engaphezulu kweskrini, ubonisa imiba engalunganga kunye nemiphumo emibi ye-hedonism.
- "Ihlabathi Elitsha Elinobulumko" ngu-Aldous Huxley . Ubomi bobuntu bentlalo buyakhelwe kwimimiselo yolonwabo. Iziphumo zolu vavanyo zichazwe kumsebenzi.
- "Imfihlelo yokugqibela" uBernard Verber . Amaqhawe aloveli yefantasy zama ukujonga iingcamango zabantu aze afumane isizathu sokwenza nayiphi na imisebenzi.