Abaninzi bayazi ukuba loo ntsholongwane yekhompyutha kunye neentsholongwane zihlasela kuphela kumgangatho we-amateur okanye umsebenzisi wasekhaya kwaye akucingi ukuba kuyingozi kangakanani. Ulwazi olungakumbi malunga nazo zonke iintlobo zee-cyberattacks aziyi kuba lukhulu xa usebenza kunye nezixhobo zekhompyutha kwiphina indawo yomsebenzi.
Intsholongwane yekhompyutha - yintoni na?
Ngokuqhelekileyo, abasebenzisi bekhomputha baxwayisa-musa ukuvula iifayile ezisuka kumthombo ongenakunqanyulwa, iphepha elinokusola lamasayithi, sebenzisa amakhadi omntu womnye umntu, ngaphandle koko unokuthabatha inkqubo enobungozi. Ngoko yintoni intsholongwane yekhompyutheni - le isofthiwe ngokwayo, leyo eyenziwa ngamanyathelo ayo inokulimaza ikhompyutha.
Iyakwazi ukungena kwi-system, imemori kunye neefayili, ukushiya iikopi zazo apho, ngokuthintela umsebenzi wabo. Kwezinye iimeko, ingozi enjalo ingaba nzima kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukufumana idatha egcinwe kwisixhobo. Okwangoku, iintsholongwane kunye ne-anti-virus zenza ingozi ngakumbi nakwiikhompyutheni - iinkqubo zokukhusela nazo azimi.
Ukwahlulelwa kwee-virus
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba sele ikhona ininzi enkulu yeentlobo, iindidi ezintsha zeekhompyutheni zekhompyutha zivela, ezifuna ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo ezikhuselekileyo zokukhusela. Kukho izigaba ezininzi zeenkqubo ezimbi:
- Kwiinkqubo ezinokubetha intsholongwane - kwi-Windows, i-Android, i-Linux kunye nabanye.
- Ngezinto ezithintela intsholongwane: iintsholongwane zekhowudi yomthombo, i-bootable, ifayile (bahlule ngokwahlukileyo ngokwemigqaliselo yesenzo - abhale kwakhona, ama-parasites okanye ii-virus "ama-satellites"), imeko, ii-virus ezininzi.
- Ngokutsho kolwimi lwenkqubo, esetyenziswa ekuphuhlisweni kwintsholongwane-imeko, i-assembler kunye nabanye.
- Ngeteknoloji yesifo, umzekelo, iipilisi ze-polymorphic or rootkits.
- Ngokusebenza kwayo - i-spyware, i-backdoors, i-botnets.
Iiboot
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Virus kulolu hlobo kuhluke ngokuba kungena kwicandelo lokuqala le diski ekhuni okanye i-floppy kwikhompyutha xa ilayishiwe. Ngaphezu koko, intsholongwane ingasasazeka kuzo zonke iidiski kwisixhobo. Zininzi iintsholongwane ezingabonakaliyo kwi disk enye, kuba zifuna indawo ethile kuyo. Uninzi lweentlobo zentsholongwane kulolu hlobo luya kutshintshwa ngokufana neendlela zebhootkits. Iindidi ezinokusetyenziswa kunye neefayile zintsholongwane zihlala zihamba kunye.
Iintsholongwane zenethiwekhi
Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuhlelwa kwee-virus kuvumela inkcazo ecacileyo yesinye okanye esinye isofthiwe esonakele. Ngoko, i-virus ye-intanethi yinkqubo ekwazi ukusabalalisa ngokuzimeleyo kwi-Intanethi. Umgaqo wezenzo zezi zintsholongwane zikhokelo ezimbini:
- Inkqubo ekhuselwe nguGawulayo isungulwa ngumsebenzisi ngokwakhe ngenxa yokuba inikwe yona phantsi kokukhuseleka kokukhuselekileyo, umzekelo, ngolwazi lokuposa lwe-elektroniki.
- Intsholongwane ingena kwinkqubo ngenxa yeziphene kwi-software kwesoftware.
Ifayile yefayili
Intsholongwane efana neyoyo ifakwe kwinkqubo yekhomputha kunye neefayile zayo ezifezekileyo, ngaloo ndlela zithintela kwaye zikwazi ukuhamba ngeefayile kwenye i-hardware yekhompyutha. Kwiimeko ezininzi, isenzo sayo asibonakali kumnini. Iingozi zingabonakalisa izinto kunye nezandiso ze-exe, com, sys, bat, dll. Ezi zintsholongwane zikwahlula ngokwemiqathango yesifo:
- ukubhala ngaphezulu, ukungena kwifayili, kuyonakalisa ngaphandle kokufumana kwakhona;
- i-parasitic iyakwazi ukufakwa kwiifayili ezisebenzayo;
- intsholongwane imelwe njengefayile ehlukileyo.
Macroviruses
Zininzi iintlobo ze-virus zithe ngqo ukuba zifuna umsebenzi we-untivirus ukuze uwasuse. Ezi ziquka ii-virus ezininzi. Ukuphuhliswa kwabo, i-macrolanguages ethile yenkqubo isetyenzisiweyo, eziqulethwe kwiinkqubo zesicelo:
- abahleli;
- imiyalezo kunye neenkqubo zemifanekiso;
- iipredishithi.
Ngeefayile zale nkqubo, ii-virus ezininzi kwiimeko ezininzi zichaphazela ikhompyutha -ukusasazwa kwezi ntshogciwane zenziwa ngeelwimi ezifanayo. Iprogram enobungozi inokufakwa kwi-system, ikopi ulwazi oluceliweyo, lususe okanye luyithumele nge-imeyile.
Indlela yokujongana neentsholongwane?
Ukungalindelekanga kumsebenzisi wexhobo zekhompyutheni kunokuhlaselwa kwegciwane. Iyakwazi ukukhawuleza xa, ekuqaleni kwefayili esulelekileyo, intsholongwane ikhusela inkqubo, okanye, ngokuthe xaxa, ixesha elide, xa intsholongwane ingathintela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo, kwaye umsebenzisi akaqapheli nayiphi na inguqu ebonakalayo kuyo. Isiphumo yikhompyutha ekhuselweyo, efuna unyango okanye ukubuyiswa kwenkqubo.
Njengoko ukulwa nezigciwane kungasetyenziselwa zonke iinkqubo zokukhusela, iifutha-zomlilo- zombini kunye neenkqubo, i-anti-virus. Kubalulekile ukulandela imigaqo ethile eyenza ukwazi ukukhusela intsholongwane:
- Musa ukuvula iifayile ezingaqhelekanga ezithunyelwe nge-imeyile.
- Ungalokothi ukhuphe izicelo zokusebenza ezikrokrelwayo, iifolda, iinkqubo.
- Sebenzisa iinkqubo zokukhusela.
- Ungashiyi amaphasiwedi kunye nokufikelela kwiifayile zakho
- Ungasebenzisi ezinye iifowuni zokuhamba kunye namakhadi eememori.
Ukuhlola ikhompyutha yakho kwiintsholongwane
Ukuhlolisisa ikhompyutha kwiintsholongwane, kufuneka ufake inkqubo ekhethekileyo, leyo, njengomthetho, ikhululekile. Uninzi lwama-antitivirus alungiselelwe kuphela iikhomputha zodwa, kodwa kunye neepilisi kunye nee-smartphone. Phakathi kweenkqubo ezichasene ne-anti-virus zilandelayo:1. I- Kaspersky Anti-Virus - inkqubo eyisiseko yokukhusela ikhompyutha yakho ekuhlaselweni okubi. Iinzuzo zayo:
- akukho mpe mbelelo kwi-computer;
- ukukhuselwa okuthembekileyo kunye nokuhlaziywa rhoqo kweenkcukacha zolwazi;
- inkqubo yolawulo lokukhusela.
2. I- Antivirus Dr.WEB inikezela iinkqubo zokukhusela ikhompyutha yakho kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zegciwane. Ukongeza kwiphakheji eqhelekileyo, imisebenzi yokulawulwa kwabazali kunye nokukhuselwa kwelahleko yenkcazelo inokudibanisa.
3. I- antivirus ESET NOD32 - isofthiwe yenzelwe ukukhusela ekuhlaselweni kwe-cybercrime and virus. Ukuhlaziya ngokukhawuleza iinkqubo zale mveliso kukuvumela ukuba ugweme ukungena kwikhomputha eyaziwayo kunye neenkqubo ezintsha ezinobungozi.
4. Enye yeenkqubo ze-antivirus zamahhala yi-Avast . Zayo iimpawu:
- ukufumana ukukhawuleza kweenkqubo ezimbi;
- intsholongwane ekhusela ngexesha langempela;
- isiqhagamshelo somhlobo;
- ukukwazi ukwenza izicwangciso zokukhusela.
Xa kungabikho amava, kungcono ukubeka lo msebenzi kwiingcali. Kwezinye iinkqubo zekhomputha kukho iinkqubo zokukhusela ezichazwe ngaphambili. Ngokuxhomekeka kwisixhobo esikhoyo kwiprogram, sihlola ikhomputha kwaye sikhombisa ukususa intsholongwane okanye ukuphilisa ingozi ekhoyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ekugqityiweni komsebenzi, inkqubo iveza ingxelo ngomsebenzi owenziweyo.
Ndinokususa njani intsholongwane kwikhompyutha?
Ukuba unemibuzo malunga nendlela yokususa intsholongwane, kufuneka ubhekisele kwiinkqubo zokukhusela ezifanayo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinkimbinkimbi yayo, ukuhanjiswa kunye nomlinganiselo wonakalo kwinkqubo, bangayiphilisa ikhompyutha. Xa kungabikho miphumo emihle, umsebenzi weengcali oqeqeshelwa ngokufanelekileyo unokufuneka:
- kucoca i rejista;
- ukufomatha iidiski ezikhoyo;
- ukubuyisela inkqubo.
Ngaphambi kokuqala komsebenzi ophantsi kokucetyiswa, kucetyiswa ukuba uqhagamshelane nomqeshwa okhethekileyo onokuvavanya ubungakanani bomonakalo wenkqubo, uqaphele ukuba unyango lwekhompyutheni lunokubuyiselwa kwaye ubuyisele idatha yangaphambili ekhoyo. Namela ingqalelo yokuba umntu oqeqeshiwe kuphela ukujamelana nale ngxaki, engavumeli imiphumo yesicatshulwa esicwangcisiweyo.
Ukukhusela kwiintsholongwane
Njengomgaqo, ukufumana iintsholongwane ngumsebenzi oyintloko weenkqubo zokulwa nentsholongwane. Umsebenzi wabo uhlose ukutshekisha, ukufumana nokwazisa i-malware. Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezinjalo. Ziyahlukana komnye nomnye kwindlela yokusebenza kunye neentlobo zemisebenzi. Umsebenzisi ngokwakhe akakwazi ukufumana intsholongwane kuzo zonke iimeko. Bakwazi ukuzibonakalisa kwifom ecacileyo njenge:
- amabhanti;
- ntengiso;
- festile eyongezelelweyo.
Unokufihla kwaye ubonakaliswe njenge:
- ii window;
- ikhomputha;
- ukungakwazi ukulayisha okanye ukuvula iinkqubo ezahlukileyo.
Akufanele sikhohlwe malunga nokuqapha xa uvula iifayile ezingaqhelekanga, amaxwebhu, ngelixa usebenza kwi-intanethi. Ukwazi ukuba yintoni intsholongwane yekhompyutheni kunye nendlela onokuyikhusela ngayo ukuba ibonakale iya kuba luncedo kubasebenzisi basekhaya nakwi-ofisi. Olu lwazi luya kunceda ukuphelisa ixesha lokubuyisela inkqubo yekhomputha okanye idatha elahlekileyo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko neendleko zemali zokuzilungisa.