Kwizifo zengqondo zisetyenziselwa kakhulu i-neuroleptics - uluhlu lweziyobisi lukhulu. Izidakamizwa zeli qela zisetyenziselwa ukuxhaswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwinkqubo yesantya. Abaninzi babo banoluhlu olukhulu lweengqinisiso, ngoko ugqirha kufuneka abhale kwaye acele umlinganiselo.
I-neuroleptics - indlela yokusebenza
Eli klasi lamachiza liye lavela kungekudala. Ngaphambili, i-opiates, i- belladonna okanye i-bleach yayisetyenziswa ekuphatheni izigulane zengqondo. Ukongezelela, iibrodidi ezijoyiweyo nge-intravenously. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ekhulwini lokugqibela, izigulane ezineengqondo zanyulwa ngama-antihistamines. Nangona kunjalo, emva kweminyaka embalwa, i-neuroleptics yesizukulwana sokuqala yabonakala. Igama labo ngenxa yempembelelo emzimbeni. Ukususela kwisiGrike esithi "νεῦρον" liguqulelwe ngokoqobo ngokuthi "neuron" okanye "inzwa", kwaye "λῆψις" - "ukuthatha".
Ngendlela elula, umphumo we-neuroleptic yiphumo lokuba iziyobisi zeli gciwane lichaphazela umzimba. Ezi zonyango ziyaziwa ngolu hlobo lwezonyango:
- unempembelelo yeengxaki (izidakamizwa zenza iqondo lokunciphisa umzimba);
- unempembelelo yokuguga (amayeza ayisondeza isigulane);
- ukubonelela ngefuthe le-antiemetic;
- unempembelelo;
- ukubonelela ngemiphumo emibi;
- zineempembelelo ezichasayo nezichasayo;
- ukugcina ukuziphatha;
- negalelo ekunciphiseni iimpendulo zityalo;
- isenzo se-potentsiruyut yobunxilisayo, i- narcotic analgesics , i-tranquilizers kunye ne-hypnotics.
Ulwahlulo lwe-antipsychotics
Uluhlu lwamachiza kweli qela lukhulu. Kukho ama-antipsychotics ahlukeneyo-udidi luquka ukuhlukana kwamachiza ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Zonke i-neuroleptics zidibene ngokwahlukileyo zibe ngamaqela anje:
- oqhelekileyo;
- kwiimvelo.
Ukongezelela, iziyobisi ze-neuroleptic ziyahlukana ngokwemiqathango yeklinikhi yezidakamizwa:
- u kuthanda;
- khuthaza;
- antipsychotic.
Ngokwexesha lokutyhila, i-antipsychotics ingaba:
- iziyobisi ngefuthe elifutshane elifutshane;
- iziyobisi ezinde.
I-antipsychotics
Ukulungiswa kweli qela lonyango likwahlula ngamagunya aphezulu okwelapha. Ezi zi-antipsychotics. Xa bathatyathwa, umonakalo weziphumo ezibi uza kuqala ukuvela. Ezi zixhobo zokulwa nezidakamizwa (uluhlu lwamachiza luninzi) lunokufumaneka kwizinto ezilandelayo:
- phenothiazine;
- thioxanthene;
- butyrophenone;
- indole;
- benzodiazepine;
- diphenylbutylpiperidine.
Kule meko, ama-phenothiazines ahluke ngohlobo lweekhemikhali kwizinto ezinjalo:
- ephethe i-core piperazine;
- unobungozi
- ne-pyridine nucleus.
Ukongeza, i-antipsychotics (uluhlu lwezilwanyana ezinikezwe ngezantsi) ekusebenzeni lunokuhlukaniswa ngamaqela:
- zithunga;
- kusebenze iziyobisi ezinefuthe elixinzelelekayo;
- antipsychotics ezinamandla.
Apspical antipsychotics
Lawa ngamachiza anamhlanje anako ukwenza umphumo onjalo emzimbeni:
- ukuphucula ingqwalaselo kunye nenkumbulo;
- nefuthe lokuguqula;
- unempembelelo yokulwa ne-antipsychotic;
- ezahlukileyo nemiphumo yengqondo.
I-antipyychotics ye-Atypical ineenzuzo ezinjalo:
- Iimoto zentlungu zincabile kakhulu;
- ubuncipheko obuncinane beengxaki;
- Isalathiso seprolactin asinakuguqulwa;
- ngokulula izidakamizwa zidityaniswa yinkqubo ye-excretory;
- phantse ayichaphazeli imetabolism yedopamine;
- zilula ngokunyamezela zizigulane;
- ingasetyenziselwa kunyango lwabantwana.
Neuroleptics - izibonakaliso zokusetyenziswa
Iziyobisi zeli qela zimiselwe i-neuroses ye-etiology ezahlukeneyo. Zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga izigulane zaliphi na ubudala, kuquka nabantwana kunye nabadala. Ubu bungqina be-Neuroleptics ba:
- isifo sengqondo esingapheliyo;
- ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo;
- ukulala okungapheliyo;
- ukuhlanza okungapheliyo;
- Isifo sikaTretrette ;
- iingxaki ze-somatoform kunye nesimo se-psychosomatic;
- ukuguquka kwemizwelo;
- phobias ;
- ukuphazamiseka kwemoto;
- Ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwezigulane;
- iilucucinations kunye njalo.
Imiphumo emibi ye-Neuroleptics
Ubunokwenzeka bokuphuhlisa impendulo engathandeki kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezinjalo:
- ifayili yesicelo;
- ubude bonyango;
- ubudala somguli;
- imeko yakhe yempilo;
- ukusebenzisana kwesilwanyana esithathiweyo kunye nezinye iziyobisi ezigulisa isigulane.
Ngokuqhelekileyo iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo ze-neuroleptics zibonakaliswa:
- ukuphulwa kwenkqubo ye-endocrine, ngokuqhelekileyo ukusabela komzimba ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kweziyobisi;
- ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa ukutya, kunye nokuguquka kwesisindo;
- ubuthongo obunzima, obonakalayo kwiintsuku zokuqala kokuthatha iziyobisi;
- ukukhulisa i-muscle ithoni, intetho edibeneyo kunye nezinye iimpawu ze-neuroleptic syndrome, ukulungiswa kwemilinganiselo kunceda ukulungisa imeko.
Okuphawulekayo ngaphantsi kweyona nto isenzo se-neuroleptics:
- ukulahleka kwesikhashana kwembono;
- ukungaqhelekanga kumsebenzi wendlela yokugaya ukutya (ukudliwa okanye isifo sohudo);
- ingxaki yokuchama;
- umlomo owomileyo okanye ulwaphulo olunamandla;
- trism;
- iingxaki ngokunyuka.
Ukusetyenziswa kweeuroleptics
Kukho izicwangciso ezininzi zokumisela amayeza ale qela. Iziyobisi ze-neuroleptic zingasetyenziswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
- Indlela yokukhawuleza - idosi ihanjiswe ngokufanelekileyo kwiintsuku ezingama-1-2, kwaye emva koko ikhosi yonke yonyango igcinwe kule nqanaba.
- Ukwakhiwa okukhawulezayo kubonisa ukunyuka okuthe ngcipheko kwisixa esithathiweyo. Emva kwexesha lonke leyeza, lugcinwa kwizinga eliphezulu.
- Indlela ye-Zigzag - isigulane sithatha isiza kwizilingo eziphezulu, ngokukhawuleza kunciphisa, kwaye kwandiswe kwakhona. Eli nqanaba liyikhosi yonke yokunyanga.
- Unyango kunye nesilwanyana kunye nekhefu kwiintsuku ezingama-5-6.
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kweyeza - kabini ngeveki isigulane sithatha isibisi kwizilwanyana eziphezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, umzimba wakhe ungena kwi-chemoshock, kwaye i-psychoses iphelile.
- Indlela eyahlukile - isicwangciso apho imithi eyahlukahlukeneyo yengqondo isetyenziswa rhoqo.
Ngaphambi kokumisela i-antipsychotics (uludwe lwezilwanyana lukhulu), ugqirha uya kuqhuba ukuhlola ukuba isigulane sinokuphikisana. Ukususela kumayeza kunyango eli liza kufuneka likhanye kwiimeko ezithile ezinjalo:
- khulelwa;
- phambi kwe glaucoma;
- ukukhubazeka emsebenzini we-cardiovascular system;
- ukuxhatshazwa kwamagciwane okulwa ne-antipsychotics;
- imeko yesifo;
- ukuncelisa nokunye.
Ukongezelela, umphumo we-neuroleptic wamachiza kweli qela lixhomekeke kwiyiphi imithi ethathwa kunye nabo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba eso sidakamizwa sinxiliswe ngama-antidepressants, oku kuya kukhokelela ekuqiniseni isenzo sobokuqala nesibini. Ngaloo mbini, ukugqithwa kubonakala rhoqo kwaye uxinzelelo lwegazi luphuma. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto ezingathandekiyo (ngamanye amaxesha ezinobungozi):
- Ukwamkela ngokufanayo i-neuroleptics kunye ne-benzodiazepines kunokuvusa ukucindezeleka okuphefumulayo.
- I-Antihistamines kwi-duet ene-antipsychotics ibangela ukungasebenzi kwi-CNS.
- I-insulini, i-anticonvulsant, i-antidiabetics kunye notywala iyanciphisa ukuphumelela kwe-neuroleptics.
- Ukulawulwa kwe-antipsychotics kunye ne-tetracycline kwandisa ngokukhawuleza kwandisa umonakalo wesibindi ngamathambo.
Ndiza kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuthatha i-antipsychotics?
Isu kunye nobude bonyango lubekwe ngugqirha. Kwezinye iimeko, ugqirha, emva kokuhlaziya i-dynamics yonyango, unokubala ukuba kukho iikholeji ezaneleyo kunye nee-6. Ngokomzekelo, ngoko thabatha i-neuroleptics. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezininzi le khosi ayanele ngokwaneleyo ukuphumeza umphumo ongapheliyo, ngoko ugqirha umisela unyango lwexesha elide. Kwizigulane ngabanye, iyakwazi ukuhlala ixesha lokuphila (ngexesha elide ikhefu elifutshane lenziwa).
Ukususwa kwama-antipsychotics
Emva kokuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwamachiza (oku kudla ngokuqaphela xa uthatha ummeli weqela eliqhelekileyo), imeko yesigulane ingaba nzima. I-neuroleptic withdrawal syndrome iqala ukuzibonakalisa ngokukhawuleza. Idibene kwiiveki ezimbini. Ukuze kuphuculwe imeko yesigulane, ugqirha unokukwazi ukuguqulela ngokuthe ngcembe kwi-antipsychotics ukuya kwi-tranquilizers. Ukongeza, ugqirha kwiimeko ezinjalo ubeka iivithamini zeqela B.
Izilwanyana ze-neuroleptic - uludwe
I-Antipsychotics imelwe kwiindidi ezininzi. Iingcali zinethuba lokukhetha i-neuroleptics efanelekileyo kwisigulane esithile-uludwe lwezilwanyana luhlala lusondele. Ngaphambi kokuba enze isigqibo, ugqirha uvavanya imeko yomntu ofaka isicelo kuye kwaye emva koko oko kwenza isigqibo malunga naluphi unyango oluya kumnika. Xa kungabikho umphumo oyifunayo, i-neuroleptic ingabelwa kwakhona ngutitshala-uluhlu lweziyobisi luya kunceda ukhethe "ukutshintshwa". Ngelo xesha, ugqirha uya kubeka umlinganiselo ophezulu weyeza elitsha.
Izizukulwana zama-antipsychotics
Izidakamizwa zokulwa nezidakamizwa zimelelwa ngamachiza:
- Chlorpromazine;
- Haloperidol;
- Molindon;
- Thioridazine njalo njalo.
Iingcali ezithandwa kakhulu kwiintsholongwane ezintsha zesizukulwana esitsha ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi:
- Abilifay;
- Fluphenazine;
- Quetiapine;
- Fluanexol;
- Triftazine;
- Levomepromazine.
I-Neuroleptics - uluhlu lwemveliso ngaphandle kwemimiselo
Kukho ambalwa amayeza. Nangona kunjalo, umntu akufanele acinge ukuba ukuzinyango lukhuselekile kubo: nokuba i-antipsychotics ehambisa ngaphandle kwemimiselo kufuneka ithathwe phantsi kolawulo logqirha. Uyazi indlela yokwenza la mayeza kwaye uya kuphakamisa iqondo elifanelekileyo. Iziyobisi ze-neuroleptic ngaphandle kwemimiselo - uludwe lwamachiza atholakalayo:
- Olanzapine;
- Serdolect;
- Ariprizol;
- Etperazine;
- Chlorprotixen.
I-antipsychotics
Eyona nto ikhuselekileyo kwaye isebenza ngokufanelekileyo ixutywa ngamachiza atypical. I-neuroleptics yesizukulwana esitsha isoloko imiselwe:
- Sertindol;
- Solian;
- Zeldox;
- Lakvel;
- Clozapine;
- I ntlawulo;
- Prosulfin;
- Betamax;
- IMipipranil nabanye.