Ziyintoni i-stereotype njengento yenkqubo yentlalo? Abameli bezesayensi ezahlukeneyo bafunda isicatshulwa kwisakhelo semisebenzi yabo. Abafilosofi, izazi-ntsapho, i-culturologists, abadlali be-ethnographer banomdla kwiinkalo zobuhlanga. Iingcali zengqondo ziqwalasela impembelelo yeendlela zesini. Ingcamango enye ye "intetho" iquka zonke iinkalo zobomi bomntu.
I-Stereotype - yintoni na?
Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesixhenxe, umvakalisi ongumFrentshi uFredo waqulunqa isicatshulwa esindisa ixesha, abasebenzi kunye nenani lokushicilela incwadi. Ngaphambi kokusungulwa, itekisi yencwadi nganye ngexesha, elifunyenwe, elikhokelela kwiindleko ezinkulu zendalo. Isinqumo esitsha sikaDidio senza isinqumo sokwenza isicatshulwa kwisicatshulwa esicatshulwayo, ngoko-izitampu zetsimbi zatshitshiswa, zivumela ukuprinta iincwadi ezininzi. F. Dido wabiza ukuveliswa kwakhe - umzobo: "στερεός" - iqinile "τύπος" - umfanekiso.
Yintoni esichaza ngayo njengengcamango kwihlabathi lanamhlanje? KuWalter Lippmann, umbhali waseMelika ngowe-1922 wazisa igama elithi "i-stereotype" kwimeko yentlalo kwaye uchaza intsingiselo yalo ngokuthi: ukungakwazi komntu ukuqonda umfanekiso wonke wehlabathi langempela ngaphandle kokuwenza lula. Umntu wenza umsebenzi wakhe, engazithembi ngolwazi oluchanekileyo, kodwa kwiimodeli ezilungelelweyo-ezicatshulwa ngabanye: izalamane, abaqhelana nabo, inkqubo, urhulumente.
Iindidi zeentlobo
Umntwana uzalwe kwaye ubisi lukanina ubamba iillabies, amabali, iimbali kunye neengcamango ze-ethnos zakhe. Ukukhula, inkwenkwe ifunda imimiselo nemigqaliselo yentsapho yakhe kunye nentsapho yayo yonke. Amaziko emfundo athatha inxaxheba. Ukucinga ngokucatshulwa ngokukodwa kwenziwa. Indoda "ngokugqithiseleyo" ngeengcamango. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo zeentlobo zengqondo, ezichongwe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo:
- zentlalo;
- ngcamango zo kucinga
- iimbono zokuziphatha;
- ngcamango zenkcubeko;
- iimpendulo zokuphendula;
- ukutshatyalaliswa kokunxibelelana, njl
Imisebenzi yeengcamango ingahlelwa ngokwahlukileyo ibe "yinto entle" kwaye "ayibi". Injongo ephambili yolu hlobo lugxininiso lomsebenzi wokucinga ngomntu. Umntu, ngobomi bakhe obutshanje akakwazi ukwazi yonke into malunga nento yonke, kodwa ngenxa yezinye izinto abanokuthi babe neengcamango malunga nezinto ezininzi, nangona zingabalulekanga kwinyani yakhe. Umba ongeyiphumo uphelela kwinto yokuba namava (kunye nexesha elilodwa) eqinisekisa ubungqina beli okanye lolo hlobo lugxininisa kwi-subconscious kwaye luvimbela abantu, iziganeko zokubona ngendlela eyahlukileyo.
Zesini
Umntu wenza imisebenzi ehlukeneyo yentlalo, kubandakanywa indima yesini. Inxaxheba yesini ichaza imigaqo yokuziphatha yenkqubo ekhuthazwayo, eqhubekayo evela kwindoda yesini okanye yesini kunye neempawu zenkcubeko yelizwe. Uluphi uhlobo lwesini ? Indima yendoda okanye ibhinqa kuluntu ichazwe ngamasiko amaninzi kunye nezindlela zobomi eziye zasungulwa ngeenkulungwane. Kuze kube ngoku, ama-stereotypes awazange aphelelwe ngumsebenzi, i-echo apho ingafunyanwa kwiifri kunye namazwi abantu ahlukeneyo:
- umfazi ungumgcini wendlu;
- umntu - i-getter;
- bafazi zi zi sidenge;
- umfazi ongenabantwana, njengomthi ongenamagatsha;
- ibhinqa elingatshatanga-intaka engenamaphiko;
- indoda ngaphandle komfazi wayo, ukuba ingqolowa engenakho uphahla;
- indoda ithembisa, indoda iyazaliseka;
- Umlimi akayiyo inkabi, kodwa uthanda ukulwa.
Zizwe
Ukunxibelelana kwe-interethnic ngempumelelo namhlanje kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufezeni uxolo kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu. Iingcamango zesizwe zineeminyaka eminyaka zengcamango zenkcubeko zabantu njengesizwe ngabo (autostereotypes) kunye nezinye izizwana (i-heterostereotypes). Ukufundwa kokuthathwa kwezinto ezinobungqina-kunceda ukufunda iimpawu, imikhwa, inkcubeko yokusebenzisana phakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo.
Zentlalo
Iyiphi inzululwazi yentlalo? Iimpawu ezinamathele kunye nezilula zemifanekiso yezentlalo (indoda, iqela, ubugcisa, isini, i-ethnos). Iingcamango zokucinga ngethuba elifanayo zingaba zibuxoki kwaye zenze ulwazi oluphosakeleyo. Njengomthetho, isiseko solu hlobo lubonakala kwiinkalo ezichanileyo kunye namava, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha inzululwazi yenza inxaxheba ebhubhisayo xa isetyenziselwa imeko ewela kwipatheni efanayo kunye nokubhaliweyo kumntu. Imizekelo yeentlalo zentlalo:
- ngaphandle "kokungcola" awukwazi ukwakha umsebenzi ophumelelayo;
- umntwana makathobele;
- ukuba uphumelele kubalulekile ukuba uphumelele kwiyunivesiti ehloniphekileyo;
- Bonke abantu bafuna enye kuphela kubafazi ...;
- bonke abagcini-zimali baxhamla, kunye namagqwetha ayanqabileyo;
- imali imbi;
- Iimoto zaseJapan zinomgangatho ophezulu;
- AmaYuda anamaqhinga kakhulu;
- umntu - umfazi, unxila.
Iingcamango zenkcubeko
Iingcamango zenkcubeko yoluntu zithintela iimvakalelo zomntu, ezinxulumene nemvelo yomzimba kwaye zixhaswa yi-gesticulation. Iimvakalelo kunye nezenzo zisoloko zifana neenkcubeko zamasiko, kodwa kwamanye amazwe unokufumana into echaseneyo. Ngaphambi kokuba uhambo oluya kwamanye amazwe, luncedo ukufunda amasiko ala mazwe. Ukudibanisa ngokwayo ISikcubeko: iziganeko zokumisela iinjongo, ukunxibelelana, ukuqonda, umfanekiso wehlabathi. Indlela yokuziphatha isicwangciso esibalulekileyo ekuqulunqweni kwamasiko (okwenkolo) eenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo.
Amaqhinga amaninzi
Yiyiphi inxaxheba-lo mbuzo uphendululwe ngokuchanekileyo "ngokuchanekileyo", "ochanekileyo". Uluntu lisetyenziselwa ukucinga ngeengcamango ezidumileyo, isizathu salo silele ekungafunekiyo okanye ukungabikho kolwazi kunye nokungakwazi ukuqinisekisa le ngcaciso. Indlela yokucinga (isimo sengqondo) - "Ndiyithanda yonke into" ibonisa ukuba yintsapho yam, iqela, abantu, urhulumente unecala eliphambene nalo: liqhuba kwimida yokunciphisa, liphulukana namava ngamava abantu. Yamkelwa kuluntu oluthandwayo:
- ukungabi nantoni - yesibini injabulo;
- isalathisi is 90/60/90;
- kulungile apho-apho singekho khona;
- ukubetha - uthanda;
- isidlo sakusihlwa ozidlayo, isidlo sasemini sihlanjwe ngumhlobo, unike isidlo kwisitha;
- ibhinqa elinqanaweni-ukuba inenkathazo;
- ufuna ukutshata ngaphambi kwe-30;
- amantombazana kufuneka agqoke i-pinki, amakhwenkwe-aluhlaza;
- abasetyhini - abathathaka ngokwesini;
- kubiza - kuthetha ukufaneleka;
Amaqhinga ngamaRashiya
Amaqhinga aseRashiya angalandelwa kumabali ahlukeneyo kunye nama-anecdotes asetyenzwe ngabaRashiya ngokwabo kunye nabanye abantu. I-Stereotype Rusich ibonakala kwi-anecdotes njenge "shirt-boys", inzima kakhulu, inothando ukusela nokunyusa "Inzala eRashiya inkulu. Eli gunya lihlala liyimfihlelo kwaye lihloniphekile, kwaye kwezinye, ilizwe elibi. Kuthiwani ngelizwe, abafazi baseRussia namadoda bacinga ukuba abameli bezinye bathi:
- Abantu baseRussia bangabininzi kakhulu;
- Iibhere zihamba ezitalatweni;
- Intombazana yaseRashiya yinto enhle kakhulu;
- Amadoda, hambelana nesimo somthi, musa ukumomotheka;
- I-Russia yilizwe le-balalaika, matryoshka kunye ne-kosovorotok;
- unobungenisa izihambi;
- abagulayo nabangakwazi ukufunda;
- amantombazana aphupha ngokutshata nabafokazi ;
Iingcamango malunga neFrentshi
Ihlabathi lonke libukele ngentshutshiso e-French catwalks, ithenga amafutha aseFransi, ichukumisa iifilimu zothando zeplanethi. "Ukubona iParis uze ufe!" - ibinzana elitshiwo ngu-Soviet umbhali-umfaki-photographer u-I.Erenburg - sele lide liba nephiko kwaye litshilo kwaye libonakala liphupha. Iingqungquthela zaseFransi, ezihambelana ngokuqinisekileyo kweli lizwe elihle:
- Abafazi baseFransi bahlaziywe, bahle kakhulu;
- I-Paris - iyalela ukuba wonke umntu enze imfashini;
- AmaFrentshi abathandwa kakhulu kwihlabathi;
- i-croissants, iwayini, i-foie gras, ama-frogs, i-baguettes kunye ne-oyster-ukutya kwelizwe lonke;
- i-beret, i-vesti, i-shawl ebomvu - iimpahla eziqhelekileyo
- isizwe esinokutshaya emhlabeni jikelele;
- ukubetha kunye nomboniso "malunga" kunye "ngaphandle kwesizathu";
- ezona zixhamla;
- inkululeko yokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha okungenangqondo;
- Ukucaphukisa ukuba abantu bezinye iintlanga bangaboni ngokuthe ngqo amagama aseFransi;
- abazalwana belizwe lakubo, kwaye babiza ilizwe "la dus France" ("intanda yaseFransi").
Iingqungquthela malunga namaMerika
I-Amerika lizwe lokungafani kunye namathuba angenamkhawulo, apho amaphupha axabisekileyo azalisekile - amaMerika acinga ngoko. I-United States lizwe elingenakuqondakala kwiingqondo zaseRussia, kubangela abanye ukuba bangayithandi, kwaye ekukhanyeni kweengxabano ezikhoyo phakathi kweRashiya neMelika, ukungabi nantembelo kwisizwe saseMelika esithandekayo. Iingoma kunye neengcamango malunga namaMerika:
- isizwe sokutya okukhawulezileyo kunye nabantu abanamafutha;
- ukuthanda ukuhlela umonakalo;
- ufuna ukubamba ihlabathi lonke;
- ukungabikho kwendlela kunye nengcamango kwimpahla;
- lwesizwe sobuzwe;
- Wonke amaMerika anezixhobo;
- unganqikazi ukubonisa imvakalelo.
Iingcamango malunga nesiNgesi
Ziyiphi imibutho ephakanyiswayo kubantu abangakaze baye eNgilani, kodwa beve ngeli lizwe? Abo bafundisa isiNgesi esikolweni bakhumbula i-Watch Ben enkulu (iBen Big) kunye nokuba iNgilani lizwe lemvula, i-mists kunye ne-oatmeal kwasekuseni. Ngqongqo lweengongoma zesiNgesi. Abacuphi baseNgesi ngoSherlock Holmes bathanda ukufunda emhlabeni jikelele. Iingqungquthela ngeBritani:
- behlala bethetha ngezulu;
- kwishedyuli, basela itiye;
- iiNgesi zizona zihloniphekileyo;
- snobs;
- i-conservatives;
- engummangaliso isiNgesi;
- wonke umntu uya kubhishi;
- abemi abanamthetho abakhulu.
Indlela yokukrazula izinto ezinobomi?
Yiyiphi indlela ebonisa ngayo abantu ababandakanyekayo ekuphuculeni nasekuzikhuliseni? Abantu abanjalo baba ngakumbi. Iingcamango kunye neentlupheko kwenza kube nzima ukubona emva kwezinto "ezigqityiweyo" kunye neengqameko zabantu bokwenene bekhonkrithi, kwaye ukuqonda ezi zinto okanye ezinye izenzo zabantu kwiimeko zinyani. Amava adlulileyo ayisoloko esebenza kwimeko entsha. Ukuchaswa kwengcamango echanekileyo kubonisa ukuba usebenza ngokwakho:
- utshintshe umbono oqhelekileyo wehlabathi;
- ukulahlwa kwezigwebo ezikhawulezayo;
- ukuvuleka kwendlela yokujonga ngayo yonke into;
- ukutyalwa kweetemplates ukugxeka: "ngaba kunjalo ngokwenene?";
- Ukwakhiwa kweengcamango ezintsha, ezakhe.