Uqoqosho lomthunzi luyinto kunye nesiseko soqoqosho lwezithunzi

Imirhumo emikhulu, imiqobo kunye nekratshi yenza abantu baqhube ishishini labo emthunzini ukwenzela ukuba balawule imithetho kwaye bafumane i-superprofits. Ishishini lesithunzi lizisa ilahleko ezinkulu kwizoqoqosho zentlalo kwaye kuyimfuneko ukulwa nomzabalazo osebenzayo.

Yintoni umnotho wezithunzi?

Imisebenzi ephuhliswayo engalawulwayo kwaye ngaphandle kwemali yelizwe kuthiwa uqoqosho lwezithunzi. Kukho izizathu ezininzi ezibangela ukubonakala kwayo. Ingqiqo kunye nenqobo yobume bezomthunzi sele ifundiswe iminyaka emininzi, kwaye inkcazo kunye nokuvalwa kwemisebenzi engekho mthethweni yimeko ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni ngokupheleleyo uluntu kunye nelizwe. Eli thuba lusetyenziswa ngo-1970.

Uqoqosho lwezithunzi luzinzileyo kunye nolunyanzeliso olusemthethweni kunye necandelo lokwenene loqoqosho, kwaye lusetyenziswa neenkonzo zoluntu, umzekelo, abasebenzi okanye izinto ezahlukeneyo zentlalo. Imisebenzi enjalo engekho mthethweni inceda ukufumana inzuzo eninzi, engahlawulwanga kwaye ilawulwa kuphela ekucebiseni.

Iintlobo zobutyebi bezithunzi

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zoqoqosho lwezithunzi ezakha isakhiwo esithile:

1. Ikhola . Olu khetho lubonisa ukuba abantu basebenzayo ngokusemthethweni benza imisebenzi enqatshelwe, okubangela ukuhanjiswa okulandelelana kwengeniso kazwelonke. Umbono woqoqosho lwezithunzi, ubonisa ukuba umxholo wale mi sebenzi ngabantu abavela kwintlalo yabashishini abanezikhundla eziphezulu. "Abasebenzi be-collar-white" basebenzise isikhundla sabo esisemthethweni kunye neziphene zomthetho kwimithetho. Ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, iikhompyutheni zanamhlanje zisetyenziswa.
2. Grey . Isakhiwo soqoqosho lwezithunzi luquka uhlobo olungabhalwanga lweshishini, oko kukuthi, xa umsebenzi uvunyelwe ngumthetho, kodwa awubhaliswanga. Ingundoqo ibhizinisi elincinci elibandakanya ukuveliswa kunye nokuthengiswa kwempahla kunye neenkonzo. Olu hlobo luqhelekileyo.
3. Omnyama . Olu luqoqosho lolwaphulo-mthetho oluhlelekile, oludibene nokuveliswa kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezinto ezingavunyelwe ngumthetho (ukuzingela, izixhobo, iziyobisi).

Iimveliso kunye nexhala loqoqosho lwezithunzi

Abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba imisebenzi engekho mthethweni kunye nefihlakeleyo evela kummandla ifuthe kakubi kwimilinganiselo yokuphila yomntu kunye neemeko eziqhelekileyo zelizwe, kodwa bambalwa bayaqonda ukuba uqoqosho lwezithunzi luneenzuzo ezinjengezoqoqosho nezentlalo. Ukuba siqhathanisa i-pros and cons of such activity, iintsilelo zikhulu kakhulu.

Iingxaki zoqoqosho lwezithunzi

Amazwe amaninzi alwa ngokukhawuleza le ngxaki, kuba ichaphazela kakubi iinkqubo ezininzi kunye nophuhliso loluntu.

1. Ukunciphisa ukukhula kophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, umzekelo, i-GDP iyancipha, ukungaphumi kwemisebenzi kukhula, njalo njalo.
2. Imali yeNkcazo iyancipha, kuba amabhizinisi enza izinto ezingekho mthethweni ahlawulisi irhafu.
3. Inkcitho yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali iyancitshiswa kwaye abasebenzi becandelo lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, abaxhasi bemali kunye namanye amaqela abantu abafumana iintlawulo zentlalo bafumana le nto.
4. Umgibe woqoqosho lwezithunzi udibaniswe negalelo lokuba kuncedisa ekukhuleni kobuqhetseba, kodwa urhwaphilizo luququzelela ukuphuhliswa kwemisebenzi engekho mthethweni.

Iinkqubo zoqoqosho lwezithunzi

Njengoko sele kuthethwe ngazo, izinto ezintle zemisebenzi engekho mthethweni zimbalwa, kodwa zi:

1. Imiphumo emihle yoqoqosho lwezithunzi ngenxa yokuba imisebenzi enjalo izisa utyalo-mali kwicandelo lomthetho.
2. Luhlobo lwenkqubo yokwenza i-smoothing method for the split existing in the conjuncture. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokubuyiswa kwakhona kwezibonelelo phakathi kwamacandelo avumelekileyo kwaye avunyelwe.
3. Uqoqosho lomthunzi luyimpembelelo emihle kwimiphumo yezemali xa kukho ukulahla okukhulu kwabasebenzi abangafumana indawo kwicandelo elingacwangciswanga.

Uqoqosho lomthunzi kunye nenkohlakalo

Kuye kwakhankanywa ukuba ezi ngcamango zombini zihambelana kwaye zibizwa ngokuba ngamawele ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Ubunzulu boqoqosho lwezithunzi kunye nenkohlakalo zifana nezizathu, iinjongo kunye nezinye izinto.

1. Umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni ungakhula kuphela kwiimeko xa onke amagunya olawulo kunye noorhulumente bekhohlakele.
2. Imisebenzi engekho komthetho inegalelo ekwakheni ubudlelwane benkohlakalo kuzo zonke iinkalo ezichaphazela ubukho bayo obuhle.
3. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lubangela ukuba ishishini elingekho mthethweni libe semthunzini, kwaye lidala isiseko sokulungiselela iindlela ezintsha zoshishino lesithunzi.
4. Iingcamango ezibini ezikhankanyiweyo zixhasana ngemali yomnye nomnye.

Iimbangela zoqoqosho lwezithunzi

Izinto eziphambili ezibangela ukubonakala kwemisebenzi engekho mthethweni ziquka:

1. Iirhafu eziphezulu . Ngokuqhelekileyo ukwenza ishishini kungenasiphelo, njengoko zonke iingeniso ziya kwiirhafu.
2. Izinga eliphakamileyo lolawulo . Ukuchaza imbangela yoqoqosho lwezithunzi, umntu akanakukugxeka unetyala lolawulo lwezithuthi zonke iinkqubo eziyimfuneko zokucwangcisa nokuqhuba ishishini.
3. Ukuphazamiseka okugqithisileyo karhulumente . Abantu abaninzi bafaka isikhalazo somthetho ukuba umhloli werhafu uqhuba rhoqo uhlolo, ubeka iintlawulo kunye nokunye okunjalo.
4. Izigwebo ezincinane zokufumanisa imisebenzi engekho mthethweni . Intlawulo ebekwe kumntu owenza imisebenzi engekho mthethweni, kwiimeko ezininzi, kuncinci kunenzuzo yakhe.
5. Iziganeko ezinzima rhoqo . Ngethuba lokuncipha kwezoqoqosho, umsebenzi wezoqoqosho wezomthetho uyaba yinzuzo kwaye ke wonke umntu uzama ukuya emthunzini.

Imiphumo emibi yoqoqosho lwezithunzi

Ibhizinisi elingekho mthethweni yinto ephazamisayo echaphazela kakubi yonke inkqubo yoqoqosho yelizwe. Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni umnotho wesithunzi ungalunganga, kufuneka ukhangele uluhlu lwemiphumo emibi.

1. Kukho ukunciphisa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, kuba kungekho zithathelo zerhafu.
2. Ngenxa yempembelelo kwikhredithi kunye necandelo lezemali, kukho utshintsho olubi kwisakhiwo sokubuyiswa kwentlawulo kunye nokukhuthaza ukunyuka kwamaxabiso .
3. Imiphumo yezoqoqosho zethunzi nayo ihambelana nomsebenzi wezoqoqosho lwangaphandle, njengokuba kungekho ntembelo kwabanye abatyala-mali.
4. Ulwaphulo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kukhula kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, uphuhliso loqoqosho lwelizwe luye lucotha kwaye uluntu luphela.
5. Imibutho emingaphantsi komhlaba ayihambisani nemimiselo yokusingqongileyo ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokungabikho kwemali, eyonakalisa kakubi imeko yendalo.
6. Ngenxa yoqoqosho lwezithunzi, izimo zokusebenza zonakaliswa, njengoko amashishini angayithobeli imithetho yomsebenzi.

Izindlela zokulwa noqoqosho lwezithunzi

Ukujongana nemisebenzi engaqhelekanga kunzima kakhulu, kunikwa umlinganiselo wokusasazeka. Ukulwa noqoqosho lwezithunzi kufuneka kube lubanzi kunye nokujongana nemimandla eyahlukeneyo.

1. Ukuthatha ukulungiswa kwenkqubo yerhafu eya kunceda ukurhoxisa inxalenye yengeniso kwisithunzi.
2. Ukuqinisa isijeziso ngamagosa angendawo.
3. Ukuqaliswa kwamanyathelo okubuyisela imali ephuma ngaphandle kwelizwe kunye nokudala isimo sengqondo sokutsalwa kotyalo-mali ukwenzela ukuyeka ukuphuma kwezimali.
4. Inkcazo yamashishini asebenza phantsi komhlaba, kunye nokupheliswa kwemisebenzi yabo.
5. Ukwandisa ulawulo lokuhamba kwemali, engayi kunika ithuba lokuvula imali enkulu.
6. Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kwishishini ngurhulumente, umzekelo, ukunciphisa inani labasemagunyeni kunye nokuhlola.
7. Ukuvinjelwa kokubonelelwa okungalawulwayo kunye nokukhangwa kwamatyala .
8. Ulwabiwo lwamandla kwiinkundla nakwamanye amagunya. Umthetho kufuneka uqiniswe.

Uncwadi olubhekiselele kumnotho wezithunzi

Amashishini angekho mthethweni afundiswa ngenyameko ngaboni-mali, obangela ukufumaneka kweencwadi ezahlukeneyo kwesi sihloko.

1. Uqoqosho lwezithunzi "Privalov K.V. Incwadana yokuqeqesha ibonisa indlela entsha ekuchazeni le ngcamango. Umbhali uhlola ingxaki yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye nemiphumo eyahlukeneyo yezoshishino ezingekho mthethweni.
2. "Iimeko zempembelelo efanelekileyo yombuso kwizoqoqosho zethunzi" uL . Zakharova . Umbhali unomdla kwindlela umzabalazo olwazoqoqosho lwezithunzi oqhubeka ngayo, le ncwadi ibeka ingqalelo kwiindlela ezininzi.