Kwiminyaka emininzi, izazinzulu kunye neengcali zefilosofi ziye zatsho, ngaba kunokwenzeka ukufezekisa inyaniso epheleleyo, ingabantu bangakwazi ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ihlabathi apho lihlala khona? Ukuze sifumane ulwazi oluthembekileyo malunga nehlabathi elikujikelezayo, kuyinto yesiko ukusebenzisa uluntu (ukuqonda ukuqonda) okanye ukuqonda (ukuqonda ngokucacileyo). Iikopi ezininzi ziphulwe ngamadoda afundayo, kumzamo wokuqonda ukuba yiyiphi enye echanekileyo, kodwa isigqibo sokugqibela asikadluli. Yintoni enengqiqo?
Yiyiphi ingqiqo yokuqonda?
Ukwahlula okanye ukuqonda ngokucacileyo yindlela yokufumana ulwazi, ngokusekelwe kwingcaciso efunyenweyo ngoncedo lokuqiqa. Lo umehluko owenziwe kwintetho, ebeka ingqalelo kwiimvakalelo. Igama livela kwisiqulatho segama lesiLatini. Ngoku iinjongo zembonakalo zamukelwe, ngokubhekiselele kulo lonke ihlabathi eliqaphelayo, kunye nokuqonda kunye neengqondo zizinto eziyimfuneko kule nkqubo.
Ulwazi loLwazi lwefilosofi
Ulwazi olunengqiqo kwifilosofi yindlela yokwenza inkqubo yokufunda into yophando ngokungakhethi, ezizimeleyo ngesimo sengqondo somphenyi, abaxhasi beengcamango be-Descartes, iSpinoza, iKant, iHegel kunye nabanye abafilosofi. Bathi ukuqonda kwengqondo kunokunika ulwazi oluqala kuphela olungabonakali ngokoqobo, ngoko ke ingqondo kufuneka isetyenziswe kumazinga aphezulu okuqonda.
Iintlobo zolwazi olunengqiqo
Izinga lomgangatho wolwazi lokunikwa kwengqalelo lingahlula zibe zimbini iintlobo, ngokufunda ngokwahlukileyo into.
- Ixabiso-uncedo . Njengoko igama lithetha, ezi ziqulatho zengqiqo zihambelana nezinto ezinjengeengqiqo njengenkcubeko kunye neentsingiselo ezifakwe kuso ngabantu. Kodwa le nto yembono. Ukuze uqonde intsingiselo ethile kwindalo ethile, ukuqonda umyalezo womdali, okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba unamathele le ntsimi kwaye wenze umyalezo uqondeke, kuyimfuneko, kubandakanywa ukuqonda kwengqiqo.
- Ingqiqo kunye nengqiqo . Olu hlobo lolwazi lusebenza ngezinto ezingabonakaliyo, "ezifanelekileyo" kwaye zijolise ekutyhileni iimpawu kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo. Eyona ndlela isebenzayo kakhulu isetyenziswe kwizifundo zobugcisa, ezemathematika, ezendalo kunye nezentlalo.
Ukuqonda ukuqonda kweempawu
Ulwazi olunengqiqo lwehlabathi lusebenza ngala mathuluzi alandelayo:
- ukuchongwa kweziganeko eziqhelekileyo zezinto ezinokuqaphela;
- ukucaca kwiimpawu zabo;
- ukusetyenziswa kweefom yolwazi oluhambelana nenkqubo yokucinga;
- unxibelelwano ngolwimi.
Iifom zengqiqo yolwazi
Nokuba izazinzulu zasendulo zahlula iifom ezisisiseko zolwazi olunengqiqo: ingcamango, isigwebo, inkcazo. Eyona nto ibaluleke kwaye ibalulekile, kodwa ukusuka kwindlela yokujonga ubunzima beenkqubo zengqondo, indlela ephezulu yokuqonda ingqiqo.
- Ingqiqo ligama lento yokufundwa, ebonakalayo ineziganeko: umthamo - ubuninzi bezinto eziphethe eli gama, kunye nomxholo - yonke imiqondiso ichaza. Ingqiqo kufuneka ibe yinto echanekileyo, ingabonakaliyo kwaye ingaphetheli iimpawu zokuvavanya.
- Isiphakamiso . Idibanisa iikhontana kunye nomnye, ibonisa ingcamango epheleleyo enokuba yinyani (i-Sun iyinkwenkwezi), inkohliso (i-Sun ijikeleze uMhlaba) okanye ingathathi hlangothi (uhambo ngemoto). Isiphakamiso ngasinye kufuneka sibe neenkalo ezintathu: umxholo wesigwebo - oko kuthethwa kungaboniswa yileta S; Isiprofeto - oko kuthethwa malunga nesihloko kuboniswe nguP; iqela, ngesiRashiya kaninzi lishiywa okanye litshintshwe ngedatha.
- I-Inference iyona nqanaba elona liphezulu kunye nelona linzima kakhulu, elithetha izigqibo ezichanekileyo ezixhomekeke kwizigwebo ezininzi. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kukuba isigqibo kufuneka senziwe nazo zonke izinto ezinokwenzeka kunye nobudlelwane bezigwebo ezithathiweyo kwaye kufuneka ziboniswe. Izigwebo ngesiseko apho isiphelo senziwe khona kuthiwa amaphakheji.
Izindlela zokwazi okunengqiqo
Iintlobo ezintathu zoqhagamshelwano olunengqiqo zisebenza ngeendlela ezizodwa zokufunda izinto ezizahlukileyo kuphela.
- Ukucacisa - ukunika into ekhoyo kwihlabathi lokwenene elungele into enjalo, iimpawu.
- Ukuqulunqa indlela yindlela yokudala imifanekiso engabonakaliyo ngoncedo lwengqiqo yokucinga. Isetyenziselwa ukwakha amafomula achaza izinto ezithile.
- Indlela ye-axiomatic isekelwe ekwakheni ukuchithwa kweengxelo ezingenakudinga ubungqina.
- Indlela yokwehlisa i-hypothetico isitatimende esivela kwiingxelo ezingavumelekanga.
- Uvavanyo . Ingundoqo yenkcazo yokuqonda ngokusetyenziswa kwengqondo yengqondo kukuba iimvavanyo zento efanelekileyo eyenziwa ngengqondo.
- Izindlela zomlando kunye neengqiqo zixhomekeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye zimela ukutyikitya kwento ukusuka kwimbono yembali yayo, okokuthi. Oko wayekuloo ndawo ethile ngexesha, kunye nengqiqo, oko kukuthi, imithetho yophuhliso lwayo.