Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi lwezenzululwazi zisetyenziselwa uphando. Ziyakumisela isethi ethile yemigaqo-jikelele yemibono yehlabathi esetyenziselwa ukuxazulula iingxaki zendalo kunye nolwazi. Basebenzisa indlela kwizesayensi ezahlukeneyo kunye nemigangatho yobomi.
Iifom kunye nezindlela zolwazi lwesayensi
Indlela yokwenza umgaqo obanzi unesakhiwo esibanzi. Kukho uluhlu oluyisiseko lweendlela zolwazi lwesayensi, olubandakanya amaqela amathathu aphezulu:
- Iindlela zendalo jikelele kwifilosofi zichaza umyalelo wesicelo sabo kunye nesimo seembono zehlabathi. Ukuba baphathe imigaqo-siseko eyisiseko kunye nokwamkela ukulungiswa kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi.
- Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zenzululwazi zisetyenziswe kwiingcali ezininzi, kodwa abanalo ihlabathi. Zidibene ngokwahlukeneyo kwiimpawu zobugcisa kunye nezobugcisa.
- Izakhono ezizodwa zisetyenziswe kwinzululwazi ezininzi, ezisetyenziswe kuphela kwezi nzu lulwazi. Ngokomzekelo, imodeli yezoqoqosho ithetha kuphela kwisayensi yezoqoqosho.
Iindlela zofilosofi yolwazi lwesayensi
Eli qela leendlela liyaziwa ngokubanzi kwimeko yesicelo kwaye ulisebenzise ukuhlalutya iimeko zendalo, iinkqubo zentlalo kunye nezigqibo ezicacileyo zomntu. Kukho amaqela ahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zolwazi lwezesayensi, kodwa ngokwemveli kukho iintlobo ezimbini: iilwimi kunye ne-metaphysical. Ngokubambisana nabo, ezinye iindlela zefilosofi zisetyenziselwa: i-intuitional, hermeneutical kunye nabanye. Zonke ezi ndawo zivumelekile kwaye zibalulekile kwisakhelo sengqondo yabo.
Indlela yokwenza i-Dialectical yolwazi lwesayensi
Ngeli thuba siyaqonda inkqubo ethile yemigaqo kunye nemithetho esetyenziswe ekufundeni nasekuguqulweni kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye neziganeko zobuqiniso. Iindlela zenzululwazi zolwazi ngehlabathi jikelele ziquka imigaqo emininzi:
- Intsebenziswano . Ubonisa ukuba kwihlabathi akukho zinto zikhethiweyo. Ukuze ukwazi into ethile kubalulekile ukuba ubeke indawo yayo kwinkqubo yezinto ezidibeneyo kunye neziganeko ezizungezile.
- Ecacileyo . Kusekelwe kwimisebenzi yokuqonda engququzelelwano olunjalo: ukuhlolwa ngokubanzi kwesi sifundo, ukuzimisela kweengqinisiso kunye neemeko kwizinga leenkqubo ezinzulu, inkcazo yendalo yonke kunye nokuchongwa kwesinye kunye nokunye.
- Ukuqwalaselwa kwezinto kunye neziganeko ezivela kumacala ahlukeneyo . Inkqubo yolwazi lwezenzululwazi ibonisa ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuqonda ngokucacileyo intsingiselo nenjongo yento nayiphi na ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa ngokucophelela kuwo onke macala, ukuhlalutya ubudlelwane kunye nezinye iiparitha.
- Imbali . Kuthetha ukuqwalaselwa kwento kwinkqubo yophuhliso, ukubonakala kunye noshintsho ngexesha.
- Iingqinisiso . Ubonisa umthombo oyintloko kunye wokugcina nophuhliso. Iyabumba kubantu ukuguqulwa kwengqondo, ukukwazi ukuvavanya utshintsho, ukukhawulezisa okanye ukunciphisa iinkqubo nokuqinisekisa amathuba okuphuhliswa.
Indlela yokwenza i-Metaphysical of recognition
Ukucinga, okusebenzisa imiqondo emacaleni kunye neqabileyo, kuthathwa njenge-metaphysical. Impawu eziphambili zale ndlela ziquka ubume bodwa, u-absolutism, ukunyanisela omnye okanye kwelinye icala. Ngefilosofi, iindlela zolwazi lwezenzululwazi zinemiqathango emininzi kunye ne-metaphysics zi:
- Zonke iindawo ezizungeze kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokwahlukileyo, ezizimela ngokwazo.
- Ukungabikho kobungqina kuqinisekiswa, oko kukuthi, ukupheleliswa kwazo zonke iintlobo kwihlabathi.
- Utshintsho olwenzeka ngezinto ezibunjiweyo kuthathwa njengenkqubo yokukhula okanye ukuphindaphinda kwezinto eziye zahamba.
- Umthombo kuphela wenguqu yintlukwano yamandla angaphandle aphikisanayo.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeendlela zokwenza umgangatho wesayensi:
- Sophistry . Ukufunyanwa, okubonisa ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kolwazi olungenamanga kwiimeko ezinokuphikisana, ezikhutshwe ngenyaniso. Oku kwenziwa ngokuzithandela.
- Eclecticism . Indlela yeendlela, ezibandakanya ukuxhamla iingcamango ezahlukileyo kwaye ezingavumelaniyo, iinkcukacha, njalo njalo.
Izindlela zobukhosi zobunzululwazi
Eli nqanaba lolwazi lwesayensi lusekelwe ekufundeni ngokujulile into ethile ethanda. Kule nto, ukuqwalaselwa kunye nokuhlolwa okuninzi kusetyenziswa. Izindlela zendlela yokuziphatha yolwazi lwezesayensi zilungelelanisa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zento yophando, enokuqinisekiswa ngokusebenza. Ezi ndlela zisetyenziselwa ukufundisisa ihlabathi elijikelezile, kodwa zisekelwe kwintetho kunye nedatha echanekileyo yezixhobo zokulinganisa. Izindlela zobugcisa zesayensi zenzululwazi zisetyenziselwa ukufunda iziganeko ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nokufumana ezintsha.
Ukuqwalaselwa njengendlela yolwazi lwesayensi
Olu hlobo lokubonwa lukwahlukileyo ngumlingani omude wesifundo. Ubonakaliswe ngokuzimela, ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokuyingqayizivele. Iindlela eziphambili zolwazi lwezesayensi ziquka ukuqwalaselwa ngokusekelwe kwingcamango ethile kunye nokurekhoda amaqiniso afunyenweyo. Inemisebenzi yabo: banikezela ngolwazi kumntu, benza ukuba bakwazi ukuthelekisa nokuqinisekisa iziphumo ezifunyenwe ngenxa yezifundo zokuqala eziqhutywe kwiingcamango.
Zama njengendlela yolwazi lwesayensi
Eli gama liqondwa njengezenzo ezisebenzayo zomntu ezijolise ekutshintsheni inkqubo afundayo. Ukongeza, uvavanyo lubandakanya ukurekhodwa kweenguqu kwinkqubo kunye nokuveliswa kwayo. Zonke iinqanaba, iindlela, iindlela zoqhagamshelwano lwezesayensi zixhomekeke ngakumbi okanye zixhomekeke kwiimvavanyo ezifuna umgudu ongaphezu kokubheka. Inkqubo yokufunda iquka ukudala iimeko ezizimeleyo ukuba zingabandakanyi impembelelo engaphandle. Izindlela ezininzi zolwazi lwezenzululwazi zinezigaba, kwaye uvavanyo alukho:
- Okokuqala, ukwakhiwa kophando ngenyathelo ngamanyathelo kwenziwa uphando. Kule nqanaba, injongo, ithetha njalo njalo.
- Uvavanyo lwenziwa, oluqhutywa phantsi kolawulo olupheleleyo.
- Xa isigaba esisebenzayo sigqityiweyo, ukuchazwa kweziphumo kuqala.
Izindlela zesayensi yolwazi - ukuthelekiswa
Olu hlobo lophando lisetyenziselwa ukuchonga iinkcukacha eziqhelekileyo okanye ezichasene nomxholo othize okanye into ethile. Zonke iindlela kunye nezindlela zolwazi lwesayensi kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno ezithile kwaye, xa kuthelekiswa, kukho ezimbini: uphando luqhutyelwa phakathi kwezinto ezineempawu eziqhelekileyo kunye nokuthelekiswa akusebenzi yonke imiqondiso yezinto kunye neemeko, kodwa kuphela ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuthelekiswa kungaqaliswa ngeendlela ezinje:
- Echanileyo . Ukusetyenziswa ukuba akukho nto yesithathu, oko kukuthi, isalathisi.
- Ngangqiqo . Kule meko, iimpawu zithelekiswa nento ebonakala ingcono.
Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zesayensi yolwazi
Ukumela inkambo yolwazi kuzo zonke i-sayensi, kuyinto yesiko ukusebenzisa iindlela eziqhelekileyo zesayensi. Bahlula iipatheni zeendlela eziqhelekileyo, umzekelo, uphando, ukubonwa, ukulandelelanisa, indlela engabonakaliyo njalonjalo. Iindlela zendalo jikelele zolwazi lwezesayensi ziquka ingqiqo bonke abantu basebenzisa. Izifundo ziqhutywa ngokuhlalutya kunye nezinye iindlela.
Ukuchithwa nokuncitshiswa, njengendlela yolwazi lwesayensi
Iindlela ezibonisiweyo zinexhamlwano olungapheliyo kunye nolunye alukwazi ukunyusa ukubaluleka komnye ngokunciphisa indima yenye. Ingcamango yendlela yolwazi lwezenzululwazi ichaza ukubaluleka kokuncitshiswa, njengenguqu yolwazi oluvela kwingqondo jikelele kumntu othile kunye nomntu ngamnye. Kule meko, ulwazi oluqhelekileyo olukhoyo lusetyenziswa njengendawo yokuqala yokuqiqa. Ukukhutshwa kunamandla amakhulu okukholisa, kwaye kusetyenziselwa ukubonakalisa iiforms ezahlukeneyo kwiphina indawo.
Izindlela zolwazi lwezenzululwazi zibandakanya ukuchithwa, okuqondwa njengenguqu kwinkqubo yokuqatshelwa kwiinkcukacha eziqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi, inqubo echithwayo ukusuka ekutsalweni. Isetyenziswe xa kuyimfuneko ukuvelisa iziphumo ezifunyenwe kumboniso kunye nokuvavanya. Injongo ephambili yokuqulunqa ukudala izigwebo eziqhelekileyo, umzekelo, iingcinga, ukuveliswa kwezinto, iiforms, njalonjalo. Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zale ndlela yokuqonda ingcali zenzululwazi ziquka umlinganiso walo, oko kukuthi, isicelo sakhe asiqinisekisi ukuba kufumaneka inyaniso.
Ukumodareyitha njengendlela yolwazi lwesayensi
Faka isicelo solu hlobo lophando ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, kwaye ngoku luya kwiindawo ezininzi zesayensi. Kuqondwa njengenkqubo yokuphuhlisa, ukufunda nokusebenzisa imizekelo eyahlukeneyo. Izindlela zolwazi lwezenzululwazi zehlabathi zentlama zihlobene nomnye nomnye, ngoko, ngokulinganisa, ukukhishwa, ukufanisa, i-hypothesis kunye nokusebenzisana. Isidingo sokwenza isicelo sichazwe yinyaniso yokuba izinto ezininzi azikwazi ukuphandwa okanye zonke iindlela zokuphatha ziya kuthatha ixesha elingaphezu kweyodwa. Imodeli iqukethe izinto ezinjalo: isihloko, into kunye nomzekelo, ukulambanisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo.
Uhlalutyo kunye nokuqulunqwa, njengendlela yolwazi lwesayensi
Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo uhlalutyo, oluqondwa njengesahluko sengqondo senjongo kwizinto ukuze ufunde isakhiwo sayo, iimpawu kunye nezinye iiparitha. Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zolwazi lwesayensi kunye nokuhlalutya kwelo xesha kunceda ukufikelela enyanisweni. Njengomsebenzi onengqiqo, uhlalutyo lufakiwe kuwo wonke uphando lwezenzululwazi kwaye lisetyenziswe kwinqanaba lokuqala. Uhlalutyo lunokusukela kwizinto eziphathekayo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo.
Izindlela zokuqatshelwa kwezenzululwazi ziquka ukuhlanganiswa, okuqondwa njengengxube yengqondo yezinto ezidibeneyo, iipropati kunye nezinye iimpawu zento efunyenwe ngenxa yokuhlalutya. Uchaza impawu ezahlukileyo, kunye nokwahlula ukwahlula ngokubanzi, okudibanisa izinto zibe yinto enye. Kunokugqitywa ukuba ezi ngcamango ezimbini (ukuhlalutya kunye nokuhlanganiswa) zinxibelelwano, kwaye zithatha imvelaphi yazo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomsebenzi. Ezi ndlela kunye neendlela zolwazi lwezesayensi kwifilosofi zinokuthi:
- Ngqo okanye emgangathweni . Ifakwe kwisigaba sokuqhelana okokuqala nento. Ngokuncediswa kohlalutyo kunye nokuhlanganiswa okunjalo kunokwenzeka ukuqonda iziganeko zento ekhethiweyo ukufundwa.
- I-earyary-theory . Ngombulelo kwiindlela ezinikeziweyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuchaneke okoqobo okwenzekayo kuphandwa. Ngenxa yoko, kuya kubakho ukucacisa ubudlelwane obangela imbangela kunye nokugqamisa iipateni ezikhoyo.