Ukuziphatha - oko kukuthi, iingongoma eziphambili kunye neengcamango

Ukuziphatha ixesha elide kwakucatshangelwa njengongqongqo wezesayensi yengqondo, avunyelwe ukujonga okuhlukeneyo kwiinkqubo zengqondo kwaye wazigxina kwiinkalo ezifana nezopolitiko, i-sociology kunye nokufundisa. Ngeengcali ezininzi zeengqondo, iindlela zokuziphatha zithathwa njengezingqongqo kwaye zixelisa umntu.

Ziziphi izinto zokuziphatha?

Indlela yokuziphatha ngayo (ukusuka kwisiNgesi ukuziphatha - ukuziphatha) - enye yeendlela eziphambili zengqondo ye-XX yenkulungwane. ukuhlolisisa ingqondo yomntu ngokusebenzisa iipatheni zokuziphatha, ukuqonda kwaliwa ngexesha elifanayo. Imfuneko yokulungiselela ukuziphatha kwaba yimfundiso yefilosofi kaJohn Locke, ukuba umntu ozelweyo "ibhodi ecocekileyo" kunye nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kaThomas Hobbes, ophika umntu njengento yokucinga. Yonke into eyenziwa ngengqondo yomntu ngokuziphatha iyancitshiswa ekuqaleni: I → S → R, ngoko iparameter ephakathi yongezwa: S → P → R.

Umsekeli wokuziphatha

Umsunguli wokuziphatha - uJohan Watson ucebise ukucwangcisa iinkqubo ezenzeka kwi-psyche yomntu kwizinto ezibonakalayo, ezilinganiselwe kwizixhobo kunye neemvavanyo zezinga, ngoko ke i-formula eqhelekileyo yazalwa: ukuziphatha nguS → R (ukuvuselela → ukuphendula). Ngokusekelwe kwimeko yam I. I-Pavlov kunye noMnu Sechenov, ngendlela efanelekileyo yokuphanda, uWatson wachaza ukuba kuya kwenzeka ukuba uqikelele ngokupheleleyo kwaye uqikelele ukuziphatha nokudibanisa imikhwa emitsha yabantu.

Abanye abalandeli kunye nabameli bezenzo zokuziphatha kwizengqondo:

1. U-E. Tolman - uchonge izigqibo ezi-3 zokuziphatha (ukuzimela okuzimeleyo, ubuchule bendalo, injongo yezinto ezingaphakathi ngaphakathi).
2. U-K. Hull - ukuvuselela nokuphendula kwangenisa umzimba womzimba ophakathi (iinkqubo zangaphakathi ezingabonakaliyo);
3. B. Skinner - unikezela uhlobo oluthile lokuziphatha-osebenzayo, ifomula ithatha ifomu S → P → R, apho iP kukuqinisa ukukhokelela kwisiphumo esiluncedo, sokulungisa ukuziphatha.

Iimfuno zokuziphatha

Kwiminyaka emininzi yophando malunga nokuziphatha kwezilwanyana kunye nabantu, iziphumo ezininzi zokuziphatha ziye zaphumela. Ukuziphatha kuyinto engundoqo:

• Ukuziphatha kukubonakalisa iinkqubo zengqondo ngaphandle;
• Injongo ephambili yokuziphatha ihambelana nezimo zangaphandle;
• Ukuziphatha kuyinto enokulinganisa ngokwenene engalinganiswayo, eqinisekisiwe;
• ukukhuthazwa kunye nokugwetywa kukunyanzelisa ukuziphatha;
• Ukuziphatha kuyinjongo kwaye iyabonakala, ngelixa uqikelele kwaye ayiyi kuba;
• ubuntu - isethi yokuziphatha → ukuphendula;
• ukuphendula komntu kuxhomekeke kumava adlulileyo;
• Indlela yokuziphatha imiselwe yendalo yangaphandle.

Imfundiso yokuziphatha

Ukuvela kokuziphatha kakuzange kwenzeke kwindawo engenanto, iingcamango ezinjengokuthi: "ukuqonda" kunye "namava" alahlekelwa lixabiso kwaye akukho nto inokunika inzululwazi kwindlela yokujonga ngayo - oku akunakuchukunyiswa kwaye kulinganiswe ngokwemigaqo. Ingundoqo yesenzo sokuziphatha kukuba umntu ukuziphatha kwakhe ekuphenduleni i-stimulus, ifanelekile izazinzulu, kuba ezi zinto ziyakwenza uphando. Iingcaphephe ezenziwa ngu-physiologist waseRussia I. I-Pavlov malunga nezilwanyana ngendlela ethile eguquliwe ihambele kwii-laboratories zokuziphatha.

Ukuziphatha kwi Psychology

Ukuziphatha kuyindlela yokusebenza kwengqondo ebeka iimpendulo zokuziphatha zabantu kwiziko kwaye iphika ingqalelo njengengqungquthela yokuzimela kwengqondo. Kwiminyaka emininzi de ukuya phakathi kwekhulu lama-XX. i-psychology njengesazinzululwazi, ifundise umntu ngeendlela zokuziphatha: iziqulatho kunye nokuphendula, okuye kwavumela ukukhanyisa izinto ezininzi, kodwa abazange babenze kufutshane neziganeko zeenkcukacha eziziwayo nezingazi. Iingqondo zeengqondo zithatha indawo yokuziphatha kwengqondo.

Ukuziphatha kwiSayensi yezoPolitiko

Ukuziphatha kobupolitika kuyindlela yokuqhelanisa nendlela yokuhlaziya, okuhlalutyo lwezinto eziphakanyiswe yizopolitiko, ezenziwa ngokubeka esweni ukuziphatha komntu okanye amaqela. Ukuziphatha ngokubangela ukugxininiswa kubalulekileyo kwezopolitiko:

• ekuqwalaseleni inkalo yengqondo yezopolitiko, eyayingazange ifakwe ingqalelo ngaphambili;
• ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokwenza uphando ukujonga igalelo lezenzo zezopolitiko: ukhetho, ukuqaliswa kweebhili (ukuhlalutya umxholo, ukucwangciswa kwemathematika nokucwangcisa).

Ukuziphatha ngoLuntu

Uphando lwezentlalo kunye novavanyo luhlangene ngokungenakulinganiswa nesayensi yengqondo, kwaye akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokufunda ubunjani babantu, iinkqubo ezenzeka kwi-psyche. Ukuziphatha kwezenhlalakahle kuxhomekeke kwizikhundla ezisisiseko zokuziphatha kwe-BF. I-Skinner, kodwa endaweni yesimo esivamile "yokushukumisa → ukusabela", kukho "insimu" inkolelo, equka amalungiselelo:

• Umntu ngamnye unempawu kunye neempendulo zakhe kwi-stmuli yehlabathi langaphandle;
• Iziganeko ezidlulileyo zithintela izakhono zokuziphatha zomntu kwiimeko ezithile.

Ukuziphatha kwiPedagogy

Ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo kuye kwafumana abalandeli bayo ekufundiseni. Kwixesha elide, isikolo sasisekelwe kwimigaqo "yokukhuthazwa" kunye "nesijeziso". Indlela yokuvavanya ngumzekelo wendlela yokuziphatha, injongo yokuthi imilinganiselo ephakamileyo kufuneka ifomelele umnqweno wokuqhubela phambili imfundo, kwaye iphantsi ibe "ngcikivo" okanye isijeziso, ngenxa yoko umfundi, xa ebhekene nemiphumo engathandekiyo yokujonga ukungathandeki ngokufunda, kufuneka aphucule. Indlela yokuziphatha yokuziphatha iyaxeka kakhulu ngabantu.

Ukuziphatha koLawulo

Iindlela zokuziphatha zibeka isiseko sokwakheka kwesikolo sezesayensi zokuziphatha ekulawuleni. Abaphathi bamashishini kunye neenkampani babenemibono yokuziphatha, kwaye bona ngokwabo babone ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zalo mgaqo ukusebenzisana okusebenzayo ngokubambisana kunye neziphumo - ukusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo zokuvelisa kuwo onke amanqanaba. Uphuhliso lweengcamango zokuziphatha lwaba lunokwenzeka, ngenxa yemibono emibini eyenziwa ngowe-1950 ngu-psychologist psychologist Douglas McGregor:

1. Imfundiso X. I-classic conception, iingcali zanamhlanje zibhekwa njengengenangqiqo ("ukuphathwa kanzima"), kodwa okwenzekayo kumhla wethu. Uninzi lwabaqeshwa banamavila, banqatshelwe umthwalo wemfanelo, kodwa baxabisa ukuzinza nokukhuseleka , ngoko bafuna ukulawula ubuholi bolawulo. Olu hlobo lwenkqubo yolawulo lusekelwe ekugcineni ukwesaba abantu ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi yabo. Izigwebo zixhaphakile.
2. Imfundiso yeY. Iinjongo zanamhlanje, eziqhubekayo ezisekelwe kwimbonakalo ebonakalayo yeempawu zabantu, ngenxa yolu njongo ubumnandi obunobungane buyilwe kwimveliso, imisebenzi enomdla imiselwe kwaye bonke abasebenzi bayakhangelwa ukubonisa ukuba inkampani iphuhliswa ngenxa yokukhuthazwa kwabo, ubuchule kunye nomnqweno wokuzihlaziya rhoqo. Inkqubo yobunkokeli yintando yesininzi. Abaqeshwa bathanda ukuphuhlisa kunye nenkampani.

Ukuziphatha ngoqoqosho

Uqoqosho lwendabuko, ngokusekelwe kwimigangatho yeklasi yokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha, ubona umntu njengomntu onengqiqo, onokukhululeka ukukhetha kwakhe ngesiseko semfuno ezibalulekileyo. Namhlanje, kukho amasebe amaninzi oqoqosho, enye yinto yoqoqosho lokuziphatha, eyamkele zonke iingenelo zokuziphatha. Abaxhasi be-"qoqosho lolawulo" bathambekele ekukholweni. Ukuba abathengi bathambekele ekuziphatheni okungenangqiqo, kwaye oku kuqhelekileyo kumntu.

Abalandeli bezoqoqosho zokuziphatha baye bavelisa iindlela ezininzi ezivumela ukudala nokwandisa imfuno yabathengi:

1. Ixabiso elibi . Imveliso, egcinwe kwii-shelves kwaye ngenxa yeendleko zayo eziphezulu ayikho imfuno, iinkampani ziphonsa ukhetho oluthe xaxa kwiimarike, kwaye imveliso, ekhangeleka ixabiso eliphantsi kwimvelaphi entsha, ithengiswa.
2. Ukunikezelwa kwamahhala yindlela eyaziwayo phakathi kwabathengisi bemveliso kunye neenkampani. Umzekelo, umntu unikezelwa iindleko ezimbini ngeendleko ezifanayo, kodwa enye ibandakanya isidlo sasekuseni samahhala, enye ayikho. Isibongo ngesimo sasekuseni samahhala siya kusebenza-umntu uthanda ukucinga ukuba ufumana into engento.

Iimpawu kunye neengxaki zokuziphatha

Naluphina uqeqesho okanye inkqubo, nokuba kungakhathaliseki ukuba kubonakala kunzima kangakanani, banako ukulinganiselwa kwisicelo, kwaye ngokuhamba kwexesha, zonke iingenelo nokungahambi kakuhle kweendlela zokuziphatha ziye zabonakala, apho bekufanelekile ukusebenzisa izicwangciso zolu lathiso, nokuba kukuphi ukusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zamanje. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ootitshala abafanelekanga ukushiya le sixhobo esimangalisayo ekusebenzeni kwabo kwaye basebenzise iindlela zokuziphatha apho oku kunika umphumo ongcono. Izibonelelo zokuziphatha:

• konke okungafundwayo, okufundwe kunye nokusetyenziswa ekuziphatheni - indlela yokuziphatha ibonakaliswa ngokucacileyo ngokucacileyo;
• Ulwalathiso olunxulumene neendlela zesayensi, ezixhaswa ngamava amaninzi, zivumelekile ukwandisa i-psychology njengenzululwazi;
• indlela yokuziphatha iyenze iipatheni zobuchule bokuziphatha.

Umgcini:

• ukungahoywa ukuthatha inxaxheba yolwazi lwabantu, zonke izakhono zokuziphatha, ukunciphisa ukuphendula kweendlela;
• iinjongo , ngaba, ukubunjwa kwemoya yengqondo yesenzo, kunye nokuzibonakalisa ngokwakho akucatshangelwa ngabaziphatha;
• Umntu phantsi kweemeko zokulinga uphathwa njengezilwanyana, kunye nesethi yemvelo yokusinda;
• Ukuziphatha akunikanga inkcazelo yenkanuko yomntu ngezinto ezintsha kunye nobuchule.