Ukukholelwa kummangaliso wezinto ezibikezelayo kunye nabantu abanokuthi bathethe yonke into ngawe (i-psychics, astrologers, palm palmist) -yinto efunyanwa ngabantu abaninzi. Umntu uye wahlala enomdla kwisigqibo sakhe: yintoni eyayizalelwe yona, iziphi iimpawu kunye neetalente eziza kumnceda ukuba azibonele. Ukubheka emva kwesigqubuthelo semfihlelo yekamva kuyothuka.
Yintoni eyenziwa nguBarnum?
Amanqaku okugqibela eemifanekiso ezidumileyo zigcwele ii-horoscopes, iimpawu zemiqondiso eyahlukeneyo ye-zodiac , izibikezelo, ngokuqinisekileyo zingenelele ebomini bethu, ukuba iphephancwadi okanye iphephandaba elingenazo libonakala li "litsha." Iimvavanyo ezahlukahlukeneyo, ngenxa yezimpendulo apho umntu exelelwa ukuba ufunda eyona nto iyinyani ngaye. Impembelelo kaBarnum yinjongo yomntu, enxulumene nomdla wakhe othembekileyo kwisiphelo sakhe, ukukholelwa ekunyaniseni nasekuchanekeni kwezibhengezo eziqhelekileyo, ezibhaliweyo.
I-Barnum Impact kwi-Psychology
URoss Stagner, isazi seengqondo seMerika, waba nomdla kule ngxaki waza wanquma ukuqhuba uvavanyo. Wacetyiswa ukuba agcwalise abasebenzi abangama-68 abanemibuzo yeengqondo, eyenza kube lula ukuhlanganisa umfanekiso wesiganeko somntu . U-Stagner wathatha ama-13 amaninzi afunyanwa ngamazwi avela kuma-horoscopes athandwayo kwaye aqokelele imifanekiso yakhe. Isiphumo sasimangalisa: esinye sesithathu sabathathi-nxaxheba sabona ukuthembeka okuthe ngqo kwiinkcazo, 40% - kuyinyani kwaye akukho namnye wabaphathi bamagosa achaza inkcazo ngokuthi "ayinyani ngokupheleleyo".
Impembelelo yeBarnum-Forer - isiphumo sokuqinisekisa ngokuzimela-yintleko yesimo senzululwazi ebizwa ngokuba ngumculi othethekileyo, isicatshulwa u-F. Barnum, owamkela abaphulaphuli baseMelika ngeentlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuzimela. Wacetyisa i-term Barnum effect - uPaul E.Mil, umdali wovavanyo lomntu (MMPI). F. Barnum ukholelwa ukuba kukho ezininzi izinto ezilula emhlabeni wonke, kwaye wonke umntu unokufumana into ethile. B. Ingqungquthela ithathe le ngxaki.
Uvavanyo lwangaphambili
UBertram Forer ngo-1948 walela iqela labantu ukuba benze iimvavanyo, kwaye emva koko umhloli wawakhupha xa eqhuba iziphumo, kodwa kwakungekho ukucwangciswa. Kubantu abasandul 'ukufika, i-Forer yabela umphumo ofanayo wenkcazo yomntu, ethathwe kwincwadi yeenkwenkwezi. Impembelelo yangaphambili kule meko isebenza kwiimpawu ezintle kwingcaciso. Amanqaku ama-5 ayebhekwa njengento ehambelana ngokupheleleyo nenkcazo yeziphumo zovavanyo. Umyinge wamanqanaba phakathi kwezifundo bekuyi-4.26.
Isicatshulwa sinemibandela ephantse ukuba bonke abantu baphendule:
- Ufuna imbeko. "
- "Ngamanye amaxesha uyamkela, ngamanye amaxesha uyagcinwa."
- "Jonga njengomntu oqeqeshwe kwaye othembekileyo."
- "Unakho amandla amakhulu."
- "Ngamanye amaxesha unxibekile."
I-Barnum Effect - imizekelo
Abantu bafuna ukwazi i-destin yabo kwaye ngenxa yoko baya kuma-psychics, baxhambileyo. Kwabanye, kukuzonwabisa nje, abanye banesaba ukuhamba inyathelo ngaphandle kokufunda i-horoscope. Ngokwenene, aba bantu baphazamisayo, abo ikusasa lingacacile. Enye yezinto ezibalulekileyo zenkolelo enyanisweni yeenkcazo kukuba "ukuthandwa" okanye "ukuthandwa" kweengcali (inkwenkwezi, ingqondo yengqondo). Impembelelo kaBarnum kwingqondo-mzekelo ngumzekelo wokuba isebenza kuphela kwizibikezelo ezilungileyo kwaye isetyenziswe ngokusetyenziswa ngcali kwiindawo ezifana nale:
- zonke iintlobo zokubhula;
- physiognomy;
- zentlalo;
- ngeenkwenkwezi;
- Ukuxilongwa ngeqela legazi, umbala wamehlo;
- yokubala;
- zengqondo (iimvavanyo ezidumileyo).
Isiphumo seBarnum - i-horoscope
Impembelelo ye-Barnum yeenkwenkwezi yeenkwenkwezi yenziwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye isetyenziswa ixesha elide ukuchaza imiqondiso ye-zodiac. Okwangoku - kuthathwa njengesiqhelo somhla ngemihla ukwenza i-horoscope yokubeletha wena kunye nabathandekayo bakho abaneenkwenkwezi. Ixabiso le-horoscope - indleko ephakamileyo yenkonzo / ubuntu benkcenkceshe / imigaqo ethile (amaplanethi kwindlu yesikhombisa, njalonjalo) - ukwandisa izinga lokuzithemba kwabantu kwi-horoscope ekhethekileyo, eyenza ngokwemvelo iimeko ezenzeka kuyo kwaye zizaliseka.
I-Barnum Impact njengesixhobo soNjineli loLuntu
Impembelelo kaBarnum okanye umphumo wokuqinisekisa ngokuzimela ubonakalisa ngokugcwele, kunye nobukho kunye nokubandakanyeka kwezinto ezininzi. I-Psychologists (R. Hyman, P. Mil, R. Stagner, R. Treveten, R. Petty noT. Brock) abaye bafunda le ngxaki, bafumanisa iinjongo ezibalulekileyo zenkxaso:
- ngokubanzi, amagama angacacileyo;
- igunya lomntu owenza ukuqikelela;
- ukugwetywa komntu ukuba ubungqina "buyingqayizivele, ezenzelwe yena kuphela";
- izifanekiso ezihambelanayo (iimpawu ezithile, izixhobo ezithile);
- iimpawu ezintle.