Kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo, inani lamatyala xa ukuxilongwa "komhlaza wesikhumba" kwafunyanwa ngamaxesha amaninzi. Kule nkqubo ye-pathological, ukwakheka kwee-plasma ezivela kwi-epithelium ye-integumentary kunye neengqungquthela ze-bronchial, ezinobunzima obubi.
Umhlaza weBronchial - Izizathu
Kukho uluhlu oluthile lwezinto ezinokubangela ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo ye-oncological kwi-bronchi.
- Izibilini ezibi ziyakheka ngexesha lokuhlaziywa kwezicubu ezinempilo. Kutheni oku kwenzeka ukuba oogqirha abakhange bafumane inkcazelo ecacileyo.
- I-tumor kwi-bronchi ingahlakulela ngenxa yokutshaya , kuba i-nicotine inokulimaza i-mucosa kwi-airways. Ukongeza, iqondo lokushisa liphazamisa inkqubo yokwahlukana kweeseli, okukhokelela ekuphuculeni okukhawulezayo kwe-neoplasm.
- Sebenza kwiimeko ezimbi, umzekelo, kwimigodi, kwisityalo samachiza okanye kwisikhululo samandla enyukliya.
- Ukufumaneka kwezifo ezingapheliyo, izikrakra kwimiphunga emva kokunyangwa kwesifo sofuba nokunye okunjalo.
Iindidi ze-bronchus umdlavuza
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zeemvumi ezivela kwi-bronchi:
- Le meko, xa i-neoplasms ixhamla kuphela isabelo kunye neengxenye zecandelo, ibonisa umhlaza wesibeleko se-bronchi. Kule meko, i-tumor ikhula ngokukhawuleza ngaphakathi kwilungu.
- Umhlaza womda we-bronchi kubasetyhini kunye namadoda uhamba kunye neoplasia yeengxenye ezikude zephepha lokuphefumula. Olu hlobo lwesifo ixesha elide lucala.
I-Squamous cell carcinoma ye-bronchi
Umhlaza wesifo se-epidermal uyona eqhelekileyo kwaye kunye naloo mveliso yenziwe kwiiseli ezinkulu eziphathekayo eziphefumlelweyo okanye eziphambili. I-tumor ingaba yinqanaba elincinane lokuhlukanisa, kunye okanye ngaphandle kwekratatin. I-Squamous cell carcinoma ye-bronchus ine-malignancy ephezulu kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ukugxekwa kukubi kakhulu kwaye kusinda okuphantsi.
Incinci ye-cell carcinoma ye-bronchi
Uhlobo olungenamngcipheko wesifo somhlaza, apho umgangatho ukhula ungena ngaphakathi, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi i-tumor ivela ngqo kwimpompo. Iqukethe iiseli ezincinci, ngaphandle kwempawu ze-epithelium eninzi. Baye ngendlela yegalule okanye umendo. Kwezinye iimeko, umdlavuza omancinci ovelisa amancinci uvelisa i-metastas epheleleyo, kwaye isasazeka ngokuthe ngqo kwiimveliso ezikufutshane.
Le fomu yesifo i malunga ne-20-25% yazo zonke iintlobo zokuxilonga kwaye ihambelana ngqo nokutshaya. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukugqwesa okukhulu kweso sifo somhlaza we-bronchi, njengoko i-tumor idibanisa kwizitho ezikude, umzekelo, i-adrenal glands, ingqondo kunye namathambo. Ukubunjwa okubi kakubi, ngoko ke, i-chemotherapy kunye neyeza zonyango zisetyenziswe kunyango.
I-cell cell enkulu
Kule fomu, ukwakheka kunamaseli amakhulu. Kukho ezimbini iintlobo zomhlaza: ngokukhutshwa kwe-mucus kunye neentambo ezizaliswe ngamaseli e-atypical. Inkulu ye-carcinoma yisifo esibonakalisa ubuncinane, kwaye oku kulunge, kuba isiphumo esibulalayo sigqityiwe kumanyathelo okuqala. I-Oncologists iqaphele ukuba ukubunjwa kwalolu hlobo kuchaphazela ukutshaya umsi kunye nokuxhomekeka kweziyobisi ezide.
Bronchial adenocarcinoma
Ukuqhayisa i-cell carcinoma ibonakala ngokubonakala kwe-tumor ngesakhiwo esakhiwe kakuhle. Kuyinto ekhethekileyo kwimveliso ye-mucus. I-tumor ivela kwingxenyana yendawo yompompo, kwaye kwizigaba zokuqala iimpawu azibonakali. I-bronchial adenocarcinoma idibanisa ingqondo. Xa ufumanisa i-tumor kumanqanaba okuqala, unokususwa ngokusebenza.
I-Cancer ye-bronchi - iimpawu
Ngokukhawuleza kubalulekile ukukhankanya ukuba ukukhula kwe-tumor kuthatha ixesha elide, ngoko ke, de kubekho iimpawu ezithile zokuqala ezicaciswe ukususela ekuqalekeni kwesi sifo, akukho nyaka ogqithisiweyo. Ukufumanisa ukuba umhlaza we-bronchi ubonakala njani, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngokwemiqathango yekliniki ezi zilandelayo ziyaziwa:
- Biological. Kule nqanaba lokuqala, akukho zibonakaliso zekliniki kunye neye-radiological. Xa wenza u- fluorography, umntu unokubona utshintsho kwisakhiwo se-pulmonary.
- I-Asymptomatic. Kukho uphuhliso lweempawu zokuqala, ezichongiweyo ngexesha le-X-ray.
- Isigaba semiboniso yekliniki. Isigulane saqaphela iimpawu ezahlukahlukeneyo kwaye isifo sele sisakhulayo.
Kwinqanaba lesibini nelesithathu, kunokukho utshintsho kwimeko yomntu ephawulekayo kwezinye izifo, umzekelo, kwi-ARVI, i-pneumonia, njalo njalo. Kwiimigangatho ezisekupheleni kweesifo somhlaza, iimpawu zokungafihleli kwamapulmoni zifunyenwe, ukubonakala kokuphefumula, intlungu yesifuba kunye neengxaki emsebenzini wentliziyo.
Umhlaza weBronchial - iimpawu, iimpawu zokuqala
Izifo ezininzi ze-oncological ziye zinezibonakaliso zokuqala ezingabonakaliyo, ngoko ke izigulane ziza kungenazo ugqirha kwizigaba zokuqala zesi sifo, xa unyango lunempumelelo. Iimpawu zesifo somhlaza wesiqhwala esibusweni sokuqala: ukukhwehlela, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kunye nokukhathala okungapheliyo , ukulahleka kwesisindo nokutya. Emva kwexeshana, iimpawu zokuphulukana nokuphefumula zikhula ngokukhawuleza. Iimpawu zokuqala zomhlaza wesibeleko ziquka ukubonakala kweentlungu xa i-tumor ikhula ibe ngamathambo ajikelezileyo.
Amanqanaba omhlaza wesifo
Kukho amazinga amane okuphuhliswa kwesifo kwaye ngamnye unempawu zakhe. Oogqirha bathi unyango luya kunika iziphumo kuphela kwizigaba ezimbini zokuqala kwaye ngokukhawuleza iimpawu zomhlaza wesibeleko ziyafunyanwa, bhetele kuhlaselwa.
- Inqanaba lesigaba 1. I-neoplasm ayifinyelele ububanzi ngaphezu kwe-3 cm. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iindawo ezihlala kwindawo ye-bronchus, kodwa i-metastasis ayigcinwa.
- Inqanaba lesi-2. I-Metastases iqala ukusasazeka kwiindawo zengqungquthela zengingqi. Ubuninzi bobunjwa bufikelela ku-6 cm.
- Inqanaba lesi-3. Kule nqanaba, i-tumor iba ngakumbi kwi-bronchi, iimpawu zibonakaliswa kwaye i-metastasis sele ibonelelwe kwi-lymph nodes. Elinye iphuzu elibalulekileyo - inkqubo ye-oncological ihamba kwi-bronchus engumakhelwane.
- Inqanaba le-4. Iimpawu zomhlaza we-pleurisy kunye neemastastases ziphuhliswa kwezinye izitho ezibalulekileyo. Kwinqanaba elinesine, umhlaza wesibeleko unobungozi obubi. Imfundo ayikwazi ukusebenza, kwaye unyango luya kuba ne-radiation kunye ne- chemotherapy .
Umhlaza weBronchial - ukuxilongwa
Ukuqinisekisa okanye ukuphikisa ukuxilongwa, oogqirha basebenzisa iindlela ezinjalo zokuxilonga: i-CT, i-MRI ne-X-ray. Zinceda ukuchonga nje ubukho, kodwa kwakhona indawo kunye nemiqulu yesisu. Inceda ekufumaneni umdlavuza we-bronchi X-rays kunye nezinye iindlela, kwaye nokuba ukuxilongwa kubandakanya ukuhlolwa kwegazi jikelele ukwenzela ukuba ukwazi iqondo le-leukocytes kunye nemigangatho ye-ESR. Uphando lwe-cytological ebalulekileyo, kuba lunceda ukuqonda uhlobo lwemfundo.
Umhlaza we-bronchi - unyango
Ukunceda isigulane, oogqirha basebenzisa iindlela zokunyango ezizinzileyo kunye nezonyango. Iqela lokuqala libandakanya unyango lwe-radiation, elinezigaba zokugqibela ezisetyenziswa kunye nokusebenza. Izaziso zenziwa iinyanga ezimbini. kwaye i-dose iyonke ifikelele kwi-Grey 70. Ukwenza ukukhutshwa kwemathunga ngaphandle kwe-anesthesia kunye nokungenelela okuxinzelelekileyo, oogqirha, ngokusekelwe kwizibonakaliso zodwa, unokunika umbane we-radiosurgery, osebenzisa i-cyber-knife. Esi sixhobo siphumela imisebe esusa i-tumor kunye ne-metastases.
I-non-small cell cell bronchial carcinoma (isigaba sesi-3 kunye nezinye izigaba eziyinkimbinkimbi) iphathwa nge-chemotherapy. Isetyenziswe xa kungenakwenzeka ukuba usebenze. Nika izidakamizwa ze-chemotherapy xa kuyimfuneko ukunyanga i-tumor encinci ye-cell ejongene neziyobisi ezinjalo. Kwiintlobo ezincinci zeeseli, i-chemotherapy isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa umthamo wemfundo kunye nentlungu, kunye nokubuyisela imisebenzi yokuphefumula. Unyango lomhlaza wesibeleko kunye nezilwanyana zamalungu akunakwenzeka kwaye unobungozi.
Ukungenelela kokusebenza akunakwenziwa kuzo zonke iimeko. Umhlaza webronchial uphathwe ngokukhawuleza xa ukubunjwa kususwe ngokupheleleyo, okuya kuqinisekisa ukuba ukufumana ngokukhawuleza kwesigulane. Kwimigangatho e-4, umsebenzi awuqhutywanga, kuba i-metastase ichaphazela izicubu eziseduze, kwaye ukuphazamiseka okunjalo akusebenzi. Uphuhliso lomsebenzi lomhlaza lwenziwa ngezindlela eziliqela, kwaye ukhetho lokukhetha luqwalasela ubukhulu benkqubo:
- I-Lobectomy ibhekisela kwi-resection ye-lobe yomphunga. Ugqirha wenza isigqibo sokugqibela emva kokuba isifuba sivulwe. Ukuba izibonakaliso zifunyenweyo, umzekelo, ukusasazeka kwenkqubo ye-oncological, ukusebenza kuya kwandiswa.
- I-Bilobectomy isekelwe ekukhutshweni komgangatho ophezulu okanye ophakathi, okanye ophantsi kunye ophakathi. Izabelo eziseleyo ziya kuxoxwa kwi-mediastinum. Ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokusebenza, i-lymph nodes ezikufuphi zisuswe.
- I-pulmonectomy icutha ngokupheleleyo kwipomphu kwaye i-lymph node esondeleyo iyenziwa. Yenza oku kuphela xa isigulane sinempilo.
I-cancer ye-bronchi - iprognosis
Ayikho imfihlelo yokuba ngaphambili ingqwalasela ingxaki, mhlawumbi ithuba lokubuyisela ngokupheleleyo. Ukuba unomdla kubaninzi abahlala kuyo, ukuba kukho umhlaza we-bronchi, ngoko kufuneka ukwazi ukuba xa uqikelele i-tumor kwiinqanaba zokuqala kunye nokunyanga okufike ngexesha, imilinganiselo yokuphila yonyaka emihlanu ifikelela kuma-80%. Xa isifo sifunyiwe, ngokwemibare, malunga ne-30% yezigulane ezenza ukuhlinzwa ziphila. Ukuba umntu wenqaba unyango, emva kweminyaka emihlanu kuphela i-8% yezigulane ziphila.