Uninzi lwethu ludibanisa igama elithi "absolutism ekhanyisiwe" kuphela ngegama likaVoltaire kunye neencwadi zakhe kuCatherine II, kwaye le nto ayichaphazeli kuphela ubomi baseburhulumenteni baseRashiya kunye nengcinga yefilosofi yaseFransi. Iingcamango zokukhanyiselwa kwe-absolutism ziye zanda kwiYurophu. Ngoko yintoni eyabonwa yilo mlawuli kulo mgaqo-nkqubo njengento ekhangayo?
Ingundoqo ye-absolutism ekhanyisiweyo imfutshane
Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, imeko eYurophu yayimangalisa kakhulu, kuba umyalelo omdala sele usuphelile, kwakudingeka ukuguqulwa okukhulu. Le meko yathintela ukubunjwa okukhawulezileyo kwe-absolutism ekhanyisiweyo.
Kodwa ezi ngcamango zazivela phi na kwaye yintoni intsingiselo yolu khanyiso? Ukhokho nguThomas Hobbes, kunye nempembelelo enkulu ekubunjweni kwe-absolutism ekhanyisiwe yanikezwa ngcamango kaJean-Jacques Rousseau, uVoltaire noMontesquieu. Bacetyisa ukuguqulwa kwamaziko karhulumente wexesha elidlulileyo, ukulungiswa kwemfundo, iinkqubo zomthetho, njl. Ngokufutshane ingcamango ephambili yokukhanyisa i-absolutism ingachazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: umbuso, u-autocrat kufuneka azuze kunye namalungelo afanelekileyo kubasebenzi bakhe.
Ngokwenene, ukukhanyiswa kwe-absolutism kwakufuneka kutshabalalise iindawo zokuhlaziya iindlovukazi, oku kuquka ukuguqulwa kokuphucula ubomi beentlanga kunye nokupheliswa kweesfowuni. Kwakhona, ukuguqulwa kwakufuneka kuqiniswe amandla angundoqo kunye nokwenza imeko engapheliyo, engekho phantsi kwelizwi leenkokeli zonqulo.
Ukusekwa kweengcamango ze-absolutism ezakhanyiswayo kwakuphawu lobukhosi kunye nophuhliso olungathandekiyo lwentsebenziswano yobuxinankulu. Amazwe afaka onke amazwe aseYurophu, ngaphandle kweFransi, iNgilani kunye nePoland. EPoland, kwakungabikho ubukhosi bobukhosi, obuya kuguqulwa, kukho wonke umntu owayelawulwa ngabantu abahloniphekileyo. INgilani sele inezinto zonke ezikhanyisa i-absolutism efuna, kwaye iFransi yayingenazo iinkokeli ezinokuthi zibe ngabaqalisi bohlengahlengiso. ULouis XV kunye nomlandeli wakhe babengenakukwazi oku, kwaye ngenxa yoko, inkqubo yatshatyalaliswa yi-revolution.
Izixhobo kunye neempawu zokugqithiswa kwe-absolutism
Iincwadi zangekhulu le-XVIII, ukuvakalisa iingcamango zokukhanyisa, kungekhona nje ukugxeka ukudala, kwathetha nangomfuneko wokuguqulwa. Ukongezelela, ezi zinguqu zenziwe ngurhulumente kunye neminqweno yelizwe. Ngako oko, enye yezinto eziphambili zomgaqo-nkqubo we-absolutism okhanyisiweyo ungabizwa ngokuba ngumanyano ookumkani kunye nefilosofi abafuna ukuthobela inkqubo yombuso kwisizathu esicocekileyo.
Kakade, akukho yonke into eyenziwa njengezifilosofi ezidweba amaphupha omlilo. Ngokomzekelo, ukukhanyiswa kwe-absolutism kwathetha ngesidingo sokuphucula ubomi beentlanga. Olunye utshintsho kulolu hlobo luyenziwa ngokwenene, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo amandla ohloniphekileyo ayomelezwa, kuba kwakunjalo oku kwakuza kuba yinkxaso enkulu yombuso. Ngoko ke okwesibini
Ukukhanyisa i-absolutism eMbusweni waseRussia
Njengoko siyazi, iRashiya inendlela yayo. Lapha nakhona wayekhetheke kakhulu. E-Rashiya, ngokungafani namazwe aseYurophu, ukukhanyisa i-absolutism kwakungcono kunendlela yokwenza imfesane kunokuba yinto efunekayo ngokwenene. Ngoko ke, zonke iinguqulelo zenziwa kuphela ngenxa yenzuzo yobukhosi, kungabandakanyi iinjongo zabantu abaqhelekileyo. Kwabakho abaphathi beecawa, kwakukho ukuphazamiseka - eRussia kwakungazange kube nelizwi elidlulileyo kwixesha la mandulo, njengoko kwakunjalo kwi-Yurophu yamaKatolika, kuba ukuguqulwa kwecawa kwazisa kuphela ukuhlukana kunye nokudideka, ukutshabalalisa imilinganiselo yokomoya, ihlonelwe ookhokho. Ukususela ngoko, umntu unokubona ukuhlaziywa kobomi bokomoya, ngaphezu koko, ukususela ngelo xesha, iinkokeli zonqulo zihlala zikhetha izinto eziphathekayo. Kuyo yonke imfundo, uCatherine II wayengenakuqonda "umphefumlo ongaziwayo weRashiya" kwaye ufumene indlela efanelekileyo yokuphuhlisa urhulumente.