Umntu ongaqhelekanga ongaqhelekanga, onobuchule okanye omdala. Phakathi kwamakhwenkwe, i-autism iphindaphindiweyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunamantombazana. Kukho izizathu ezininzi zokuqala kwesi sifo, kodwa zonke azibonakalwanga ngokupheleleyo. Iimpawu zokuphambuka ekuphuhlisweni zingabonwa kwiminyaka yokuqala 1-3 yobomi babantwana.
Ngubani na i-autistic?
Bakhawuleza bakhangele ingqalelo, nokuba ngabadala okanye abantwana. Yiyiphi i-autistic yintlupheko yesifo esichasene ne-biological ephathelele ukuphulwa ngokubanzi kophuhliso lwabantu, olubonakaliswe ngumbuso "wokucwiliswa ngaphakathi" kwaye ugweme ukudibanisa nenyaniso, abantu. UL. Kanner, umntwana wengqondo, waba nomdla kubantwana abangaqhelekanga. Emva kokuzikhethela iqela labantwana abali-9, ugqirha wawagcina iminyaka emihlanu kwaye ngo-1943 wazisa ingcamango ye-RDA (ubuntwaneni bokuqala buntwana).
Abagunyazisi ukuba baqonde njani?
Umntu ngamnye uhlukile kwimvelo, kodwa kukho iimpawu ezifanayo zomlinganiso, ukuziphatha, izilwanyana kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo kunye nabo abane-autism. Kukho inani leempawu eziqhelekileyo omele uhlawule ngalo. Izimpawu ze-Autistic (ezi ngxaki ziqhelekileyo kubantwana kunye nabantu abadala):
- ukungakwazi ukuthetha;
- ukuphulwa kwentsebenziswano yoluntu;
- ukuziphatha okuphambeneyo, ukunyaniseka kunye nokungabikho kwengcinga.
Iimpawu zomntwana ezigunyazayo
Ukubonakaliswa kokuqala kokungaqhelekanga kwintsana, abazali abaphulaphule bayayiqaphela kwangaphambili, ngokutsho kwemithombo ethile, ukuya kutsho kunyaka o-1. Ngubani ongu-autistic umntwana kunye naziphi iimpawu zokuphuhliswa kunye nokuziphatha okumele kuqaphele umntu omdala ukuze afune uncedo lwezokwelapha kunye nengqondo ngexesha? Ngokwezibalo, kuphela i-20% yabantwana abanendlela elula ye-autism, i-80% eseleyo yintsholongwane enzima kunye nezifo ezithintekayo (ukuhluthwa, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo). Ukususela kumncinane, ezi zilandelayo ziphawu:
- akukho ngxaki yokuvuselela;
- Gwema ukuqhagamshelana kwamehlo nabanye, ungalandeli amehlo okudlala;
- intlupheko yobuso kunye nesimo sobuso;
- ukulibazisa okanye ukugqiba ukungabikho kwentetho;
- ukungabikho kwemvakalelo;
- echolalia (ukuphindaphinda ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwamagama);
- ukwesaba izinto ezinomsindo kunye nokuhamba;
- Ukungabi nomnqweno wokwabelana ngolonwabo lwabo, impumelelo entsha, umdlalo;
- ukungabikho kwemidlalo apho kufuneke khona ukucinga kunye nokucinga;
- ukuxininisa kwindlela ethile yomsebenzi, ithoyi;
- Ukunyakaza okugqithisileyo: ukubetha, ukucofa ngeminwe, ukuguqula nge-trunk, njl.;
- ukuphepha ukuchukumisa;
- masiko.
I-autistic autistics - yintoni na?
Ngokubudala, ukubonakaliswa kwesi sifo kunokugqithisa okanye kuhlanjululwe, kuxhomekeke kwizizathu ezimbalwa: ukuqina kwesi sifo, unyango lwexesha elifanelekileyo, ukuqeqeshwa kwezakhono zentlalo kunye nophuhliso lwamandla. Ngubani umntu omdala we-autistic - unokuthi uqaphele kakade ekusebenzisaneni kokuqala. I-Autistic - iimpawu kumntu omdala:
- befumana ubunzima obukhulu ekunxibelelaneni, kunzima ukuqala nokugcina ingxoxo;
- ukungabi novelwano (uvelwano), nokuqonda kwamanye abantu;
- uvelwano lwengqondo: ukuxhaphaza ngokuqhelekileyo okanye ukuthintela komntu ongaphandle kungabangela ukwesaba kwi-autist;
- ukuphazamiseka kwemimandla yemoya;
- ukuziphatha, ukuziphatha okuqhubekayo kuze kube sekupheleni kobomi.
Kutheni i-autistics izalwa?
Kwiminyaka emva nje kuye kwaba nenxeba kwizinga lokuzalwa labantwana abane-autism, kwaye ukuba iminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo yayingumntwana omnye ngaphandle kwe-1000, ngoku eyi-1 ngo-150. Amanani adidayo. Esi sifo senziwa kwiintsapho ezineendlela ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, ukuchuma. Kutheni kuzalwe abantwana be-autistic, izizathu zenzululwazi de kube isiphelo singacacisiwe. Oogqirha babiza malunga ne-400 izinto ezichaphazela ukuvela kweengxaki ze-autistic kumntwana. Inokwenzeka kakhulu:
- iimpawu zokufa ezizalweni kunye neenguqulelo;
- izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezihanjiswe ngumfazi ngexesha lokukhulelwa (urubella, unyango lwesifo, isifo sikashukela, izifo zentsholongwane );
- unina emva kweminyaka engama-35;
- ukuphulwa kwe-hormone (i-fetus yandisa umveliso we testosterone);
- i-ecological poor, unxibelelwano lomama ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunye nenkunkuma yezilwanyana ezincinci kunye nesinyithi esinzima;
- ukugonywa komntwana ngokugonywa: i-hypothesis ayixhaswa bubungqina benzululwazi.
Imisimbozo kunye nokunyanzeliswa komntwana we-autistic
Kwiintsapho apho kubonakala ukuba abantwana abangaqhelekanga, abazali banemibuzo emininzi ekufuneka bayiphendule ngayo, ukuze baqonde umntwana wabo kwaye bancede ukuphuhlisa amandla abo. Kutheni i-autistics ingabhekanga ebusweni okanye iziphatha ngendlela engafanelekiyo, ivelise izinto ezingaqhelekanga, ezinjengezithethe? Abantu abadala bacinga ukuba umntwana uyayinayo, ugweme ukudibanisa, xa engakhangeli kwimeko xa ekhuluma. Izizathu zikho ngcamango ekhethekileyo: izazinzulu zenze isifundo, esiye sabonisa ukuba ii-autistics ziboniswe kakuhle kumbono we-peripheral kwaye kukho ubunzima bokulawula ukuhamba kwamehlo.
Ukuziphatha kwesiqhelo kukunceda umntwana anciphise uxhala. Ihlabathi nazo zonke iindidi zayo zitshintshi aziqondakaliyo kubalawuli, kunye nemigangatho yanika ukuzinza. Ukuba umntu omdala ungenelela kwaye aphule isithethe somntwana, isifo sokuhlaselwa kwe-panic , ukuziphatha okubi, ukuzondla kungenzeka. Ukuzibonela kwindawo engavamile, umbhali uzama ukwenza izenzo eziqhelekileyo zokuzihlaziya, ukuze azinciphe. Iimfundiso kunye nokuzibamba kwazo zihlukeneyo, ngamnye kumntwana ngamnye ozikhethekileyo, kodwa kukho okufanayo:
- intambo,
- ubeke emanzini omnye;
- hamba indlela efanayo;
- ubukele ifilimu efanayo rhoqo ngamaxesha;
- bacofa iminwe yabo, bathuse iintloko zabo, bahambe nge-tiptoe;
- banxiba kuphela iimpahla zabo eziqhelekileyo
- udle uhlobo oluthile lokutya (ukutya okunomdla);
- iphosa izinto kunye nabantu.
Ungaphila nge-autistic?
Abazali bakuthola nzima ukuvuma ukuba umntwana wabo akafani nabanye abantu. Ukwazi ukuba ngubani umntu ongu-autistic, kunokucingelwa ukuba kunzima kuwo onke amalungu entsapho. Ukuze bangaziva banelisekile kwiingxaki zabo, oomama badibanisa kwiifom ezahlukeneyo, benze izivumelwano kunye nokwabelana ngemiphumo yabo encinci. Isifo asikho isivakalisi, unokwenza okuninzi ukufumanisa ubunako, kunye noluntu olwaneleyo lomntwana, ukuba ungumntu ongeyonto engagqibekanga. Indlela yokuthetha kunye ne-autistics - kuqala ukuqonda nokuvuma ukuba banemifanekiso eyahlukileyo yehlabathi:
- ukuqonda amagama ngokuchanekileyo. Nawaphi amahlaya, ukuhlambalaza akufanelekanga;
- zilungele ukunganyaniseki, ukunyaniseka. Iyakucasula;
- ungakuthandi ukuchukumisa. Kubalulekile ukuhlonipha imida yomntwana;
- Musa ukunyamezela izandi ezivakalayo kunye nokukhala; noxolo;
- Kunzima ukuqonda ulwimi oluthethiweyo, unokwazi ukuthetha ngokubhala, ngamanye amaxesha abantwana baqala ukubhala imibongo, apho ihlabathi labo elingaphakathi libonakala khona;
- kukho uluhlu oluthile lwemfuno apho umntwana enamandla, kubalulekile ukuwubona nokuphuhlisa;
- Ukucamngca komntwana: imiyalelo, imifanekiso, imifanekiso yokulandelelana kwezenzo - konke oku kunceda ukufunda.
I-autistics ibona njani ihlabathi?
Ababonanga nje kuphela kwiso, kodwa babona izinto ezifani ngokwenene. I-autism yabantwana kamva iguqulwa ibe ngumntu omdala uxilongwa kwaye kuxhomekeka kubazali ukuba bangakanani abantwana babo abanokuziqhelanisa noluntu, baze baphumelele. Abantwana be-autistic bava ngokungafaniyo: ilizwi lomntu alikwazi ukwahlukana kwezinye izandi. Ababoni kwiphepha okanye umfanekiso wonke, kodwa bakhetha iqhezu elincinci kwaye bagxininise kuyo yonke ingqalelo: iqabunga emthini, i-lace kwisihlangu, njl njl.
Ukuzikhukhumeza kwi-Autistic
Ukuziphatha komgxeli ngokuqhelekileyo akuhambelani nemigangatho eqhelekileyo, ineempawu ezininzi kunye nokuphambuka. Ukuzikhukhumeza kubonakala ekuphenduleni ukuchaswa kwemfuno emitsha: iqala ukubetha intloko, ukukrazula, ukukrazula iinwele zayo, ukugijima kwindlela. Umntwana ogunyazisiweyo akanalo "umqondo wongcipheko", amava ahlaselekileyo azinzileyo. Ukupheliswa kwento, ngenxa yokuzikhukhumeza, ukubuyela kwisimo esiqhelekileyo, ukubiza imeko - ivumela umntwana ukuba azinciphe.
Ubugcisa bezithuthi
I-autism ineyona mininzi imfuno. Abazali abalumkileyo bangaqaphela umdla womntwana kwindawo ethile kwaye kuphuhliswe, ekuya kumenza umntu uphumelele. Ngubani onokusebenza ngabalandeli - banikezele ngezakhono zabo ezentlalo - lo msebenzi ongabandakanyeki kunye nabanye abantu:
- Ukurhweba ishishini;
- inkqubo;
- ukulungiswa kweekhompyutha, izixhobo zombane;
- ugqirha wezilwanyana ukuba uyathanda izilwanyana;
- ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa;
- uyilo lwewebhu;
- sebenza kwibhubhoratri;
- ingxelo;
- sebenza kunye neengxelo.
Zingaphi izithuthi zihlala?
Ukulindela ubomi kwabantu base-autistic kuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo ezidalwe kwintsapho apho umntwana ehlala khona, ke umntu omdala. Isigulana seengxaki kunye nezifo ezixubileyo, ezinjengokuthi: isithuthwane, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Izizathu zobomi obufutshane bube yingozi, ukuzibulala. Amazwe aseYurophu aphande le ngxaki. Abantu abaneengxaki ze-autistic spectrum bahlala kwiminyaka eyi-18 engaphantsi.
Ubuntu obuziwayo
Phakathi kwala bantu abaqondakaliyo banamakhono amaninzi okanye babizwa ngokuba ngabafundi. Izintlu zehlabathi zihlaziywa rhoqo ngamagama amatsha. Umbono okhethekileyo wezinto, izinto kunye neziganeko zivumela ukudala i-autistic yobuciko bobugcisa, ukuphuhlisa amacebo amatsha, amayeza. Abagunyazi bafuna ukunyusa uluntu. Iimpawu eziziwayo zehlabathi:
- IBarron Trump yi-autistic . Ukucinga ukuba indodana kaDonald Trump yashicilelwe yi-blogger, uJames Hunter, emva kokushicilelwa kwevidiyo, apho uBarron ebona ukuziphatha ngokungathandekiyo.
- UCharles Carroll yi-autistic . Umbhali odumileyo "Alice kwiWonderland" wabonisa ubuchule obungavamile kwimathematika, wayehluke ekuziphatheni kokuziphatha, ehluthayo. Ndikhetha abantu abadala - ukunxibelelana nabantwana.
- IBill Gates yi-autistic . Umntu woluntu, omnye wabasunguli beenkampani "iMicrosoft".
- UAlbert Einstein u-autistic . Ininzi yeentlobo zenzululwazi yayibonakala ingaqondakali kwabanye. Ngokutsho kwamahemuhemu, egumbini lakhe lokugqoka elinxibayo i-suit suit efana neentsuku zonke zeveki, ezingabonisa indlela yokuziphatha.