Uvavanyo lokudala. Inkqubo epheleleyo ye-E. Torrens yindlela yokutshatyalaliswa kwe-12, iqokelelwe kwiibhetri ezintathu. Iyokuqala ihloselwe ukuxilongwa kweengcinga zokubhala ngomlomo, okwesibini kukucinga okungabonakaliyo (ukucinga okubonakalayo) kunye neyesithathu ukwenzela ukucinga ngokubhaliweyo nokuvakalayo. Ingxenye engeyiyo yomlomo yolu vavanyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Figural forms of thinking of the Torrens" (iifom ze-Figural), yachithwa kwi-Institute of General and Pedagogical Psychology ye-APN ngo-1990 ngesampula sezingane zesikolo.
Uhlobo oluphakanyisiweyo lwesivivinyo se-Torrens yiseti yeefoto kunye nemigangatho yezinto (imigca), usebenzisa izifundo ezifunekayo ukudweba umfanekiso kumfanekiso onentsingiselo. Kule nguqulelo yovavanyo, imifanekiso e-6 isetyenzisiweyo, ikhethwe ukusuka kwi-10 yangaphambili. Ngokutsho kweA.N. I-Voronin, le mifanekiso ayiyi kuphinda iphaneli kunye kunye neenkcukacha ezithembekileyo.
Iimeko zokuxilonga zendlela ekhoyo echanekileyo yobuchule vumela ukuba uqikelele ezi zimbonakaliso ezi-2 zobunjengeli:
- kuqala;
- yodwa.
Iimpawu zokuthi "ukulungelelanisa" kwentsebenzo, "ukuguquguquka", "ubunzima" bomfanekiso, kufumaneka kwiphepha elipheleleyo elithi "Ukugqitywa kwemifanekiso" I-Torrance, kulolu lungiso alunasetyenziswa.
Kwixesha lokuzilungelelanisa le ndlela, imimiselo kunye ne-atlas yemidwebo eqhelekileyo yesampula yabaphathi abancinci bahlanganisiwe, bavumela ukuba baqikelele izinga lokuphuhliswa kobugcisa kulolu hlobo lwabantu.
Uvavanyo lunokuqhutywa kwiinguqu zomntu ngamnye kunye neqela.
Iimpawu zenkqubo yokuvavanya
Xa uqhuba uvavanyo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ucinge ukuba ubugcisa bubonakalisa ngokugcwele kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo. Izimo ezingasebenzi, izimo ezinzima zokuqhuba, iimeko ezingenasiphelo zemvavanyo eziphumo eziphantsi. Lo mqathango uvame ukuvavanya nayiphi na indlela yokudala, ngoko ke ngaphambi kokuvavanya ubuchule, bahlala bezama ukudala indawo efanelekileyo, ukunciphisa umzathu wokufikelela kunye nokuqhelanisa abahloli ukuba kubonakaliswe amandla abo afihliweyo. Kungcono ukunqanda ingxoxo evulekileyo yenkcazelo yokuqhelaniswa nezifundo kwindlela, oko akuthi, akudingeki ukuba uchaze ukuba izixhobo zokudala zivivinywa (ingakumbi ukucinga kokudala). Uvavanyo luyakwenziwa njengendlela yokwenza "ukuqala", ithuba lokuzivakalisa kwishishini elingaqhelekanga, njl. Ixesha lokuvavanya alikhawulelwanga ngokukhawuleza, kunikezela ngokucacileyo umfanekiso ngamnye ngomzuzu 1-2. Ngexesha elifanayo kubalulekile ukukhuthaza uvavanyo, ukuba bacinga ngalo ixesha elide okanye elide.
Imiyalelo
"Ngaphambi kwakho akukho nto ingenanto kunye nemifanekiso engabonakaliyo engama-6. Kufuneka uzigqibe. Unokugqiba nayiphi na into. Emva kokuba umzobo uphelele, kufuneka uzinike igama uze ulityine kumgca wezantsi. "
Izinto zokufuthisa
Ukutolika
Kuvavanyo lokuqala lweTorrance, izibonakaliso eziliqela zobuncedo zisetyenziswe. Okubaluleke kakhulu kubo kukuqala, ukungabonakali komfanekiso owenziwe phantsi kwemifanekiso yezinye izifundo. Ngamanye amagama, imvelaphi iyaqondwa njengoluhlu lwemilinganiselo yeempendulo. Kufuneka ukhunjulwe, nangona kunjalo, akukho zimbini ezifanayo, kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, umntu kufuneka akhulume ngokungafani kohlobo (okanye iklasi) yamanani. Kwibhloko yokuchazwa, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamanani kunye namagama abo aqhelekileyo, acetyiswa ngumlobi wokulungelelanisa, aboniswe, abonakalisa uphawu olubalulekileyo lomfanekiso. Kubalulekile ukuba amagama aqhelekileyo emidwebo, njengommiselo, ahambelani namagama emidwebo enikezelwa zezifundo ngokwabo. Kulo, ku-A.N. I-Voronina, ukungafani phakathi kokubhaliweyo kunye nokungabi ngamazwi kubonakala ngokucacileyo. Ekubeni uvavanyo lusetshenziselwa ukuxilonga ubuchule obungabonakali bokubhala, amagama eemifanekiso ezinikezelwa zizifundo ngokwazo kuhlalutyo olulandelayo alucacisiwe kwaye zisetyenziselwa nje ukukunceda ukuqonda intsingiselo yomfanekiso.
Isalathisi "sokuqala" salo nani liqikelelwa kwi-data yayo kwaye ibalwa ngolu hlobo lwefomula:
apho u-okanye umvelaphi walo hlobo lodwebo; x - inani leemifanekiso zoluhlobo oluthile; IXmax yinani eliphezulu lamaphetheni ngohlobo phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zemidwebo zeesampuli ezinikeziweyo zezifundo.
Inkcazo yangaphambili yiTorrance ibalwa njengendawo yokuqala kwimifanekiso. Ukuba ukuqala kwesibalo kwakuyi-1.00, ngoko le mifanekiso yaqatshelwa njengeyodwa. Ukongezelela, inkcazo ekhethekileyo yabalwa, ichazwa njengenani lemifanekiso yesifundo esinikeziwe.
Ngokumalunga ne-"original" isalathisi kuvavanyo olupheleleyo lweTurrance, "ukuchaneka" komsebenzi kusetyenziswa, kuchazwa njengenani lemidwebo ngaphandle kokuphindaphinda (ngaphandle kokushiyana okukhulu) kwaye kungenanto. Ngokungaqondi nto sithetha imidwebo engabandakanyi imigca yezinto ezikhuthazayo okanye ayikho inxalenye yomfanekiso. Xa ukulungiswa kwendlela, esi sibonakaliso sasingenalo ulwazi. Ekubeni imidwebo engabalulekanga, njengomgaqo, kwakukho inkqubo yokutshintsha kwimidwebo engeyiyo yangaphambili kwimifanekiso yokuqala kunye neyodwa, oko kukuthi, kwakukho ukuqhutyelwa ngokuqhubekayo ngexesha lokutshintshela kwisisombululo sokudala. Ngaphantsi kangangoko (amacala angama-1-2) kwakukho ukungaqondi kakuhle imiyalelo. Kuzo zombini kwezi ziko, inkqubo ekhoyo yokubala amanqaku okuvavanya ayisebenzi kwaye ukuhlolwa kwakhona kuyadingeka ukuchonga izinga lokudala.
Isalathisi esinjengokuthi "ukuguquguquka" isebenza kakuhle ngokwaneleyo kwi "Suballel Lines", apho kufuneka udwebe iibini ezilishumi elinambini zomgca ohambelana nomfanekiso onentsingiselo. "Ukuzinzelela" kulo mzekelo kubonisa ukufumaneka kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemifanekiso kwiibini zombini kunye nokukhulula kwenguqu ukusuka kwelinye uhlobo lomfanekiso ukuya kwesinye. Kwimeko yezinto ezikhuthazayo ezicetywayo zokudweba, eso sibonakaliso asiqondi kakuhle, kwaye xa kuchazwa ngokuthi "inani leentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemifanekiso", akunakucatshulwa kwi-original. Isalathisi "sesincomeko" somfanekiso, eqondwa ngokuthi "ukugqitywa koyilo lomzobo, inani lezongezo kumfanekiso ophambili, njl.," Ubeka uphawu lwamava "okubonakalayo" kulo mbandela kunye nempawu ezithile zobuntu (umzekelo, ukuxhamla, ukubonakalisa) kunempawu zobugcisa. Kule nguqulelo yovavanyo, "ukuchaneka" kwentsebenzo, "ukuguquguquka", "ubunzima" bomfanekiso awusebenzi.
Ukuchazwa kweziphumo zokuvavanya kule vavanyo kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwizinto ezithile zesampuli, ngoko ke, izigqibo ezifanelekileyo kunye ezinokuthenjelwa ngomntu zifumaneka kuphela kwisakhelo sale sampuli okanye esifana nayo. Kule meko, imimiselo kunye ne-atlas yemidwebo eqhelekileyo yesampula yabaphathi abancinci bayaboniswa, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo kunokwenzeka ukuba uqikelele ngokucacileyo ubuchule bokungabonakali kwabantu bolu hlobo okanye okufanayo. Ukuba isampula ihluke kakhulu kuleyo icetywayo, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya iziphumo zeesampuli ezintsha kwaye ke ke ukunika izigqibo malunga nabantu ngabanye.
Ukuphonononga iziphumo zokuvavanya abantu abachaphazelekayo nabaphathi abafana nabo, oku kulandelayo kucetywayo.
Kubalulekile ukuthelekisa ogqityiweyo kunye nekhoyo kwi-atlas kwaye ekufumaneni uhlobo olulinganayo, unikezela ukuqala okuboniswe kwi-atlas kule nani. Ukuba kwi-atlas akukho hlobo loludwe lwemifanekiso, ngoko uqobo lwale lugqiba umfanekiso ngu-1.00. Inkcazo yokuqala ibalwa njengomyinge we-arithmetic wemvelaphi yazo yonke imifanekiso.
Vumela umfanekiso wokuqala ufanane ne-1.5 ye-atlas umfanekiso. Ukuqala kwayo ngu-0.74. Umfanekiso wesibini ufana nomfanekiso 2.1. Ukuqala kwayo ngu-0.00. Umzobo wesithathu awufanelanga nantoni na, kodwa izinto eziphambili ezicetywayo zokupenda azibandakanyi kumzobo. Le meko ityhilwa njengento yokushiya emsebenzini kwaye ukuqala kwesi sibalo kuqikelelwa kwi-0.00. Isine sesine asikho. Inani lesihlanu liyabonwa njengeyingqayizivele (akukho nto kwi-atlas ayifani). Ukuqala - 1,00. Umzobo wesithandathu wawufana nomfanekiso we-6.3 kunye nokuqala kwe-0.67. Ngaloo ndlela, amanqaku amaninzi kule protocol yi-2.41 / 5 = 0.48.
Xa uhlola ukuqala kwalo mfanekiso, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba ngamanye amaxesha "imidwebo" imidwebo ibonakala ekuphenduleni izikhumbuzo ze-atypical kubo. Ngoko, ngomfanekiso 1, umzobo ogqithiseleyo umgama othiwa "ifu". Uhlobo oluthile lomfanekiso lungabonakala ekuphenduleni izinto ezikhuthazayo zomfanekiso wesi-2 okanye 3. Kwi-atlas ezinjalo iziganeko zokuphindaphinda azinikezwa kwaye ukuqala kwala manani kufuneka kuhlolwe ngokwemifanekiso efumanekayo kwezinye iimifanekiso. Kwimeko yethu, ukuqala kwipateni "yefu", ebonakala kumfanekiso wesibini, kuqikelelwa ku-0.00 amanqaku.
Isalathisi sobodwa (inani lemifanekiso ekhethekileyo) yalo mgaqo-nkqubo ngu-1. Ukusebenzisa isilinganisi se-percentile esakhiwe kule mibala emibini, kunokwenzeka ukucacisa indawo yalo mntu ngokubhekiselele kwisampuli esicetywayo kwaye ngokufanelekileyo ufikelele izigqibo malunga nesantya sokuphuhliswa kobuchule bakhe bokungabonakali.
Iziphumo zeprojekti engentla zibonisa ukuba lo mntu usemngeni wama-80%. Oku kuthetha ukuba malunga no-80% wabantu kule sampuli, ubuchule obungabonakaliyo bokuthetha (ngokubhekiselele kwikhowudi yangaphambili) bephezulu kuneye. Nangona kunjalo, isalathisi sobodwa siphezulu kwaye i-20% kuphela ine-index ephezulu. Ukuphonononga ubuchule njengaloo ndlela, inkcazo ekhethekileyo ibaluleke kakhulu, ibonisa indlela umntu onokuyilungisa ngayo ngokwenene, kodwa amandla ahlukeneyo kwikhowudi ecetywayo yincinci kwaye ngoko ke isalathisi sokuqala sisetyenzisiweyo njengesalathisi esincedisayo.
Isilinganiso sePercentile
- Ipesenteji yabantu abaneziphumo zabo zidlulile kwizinga elichaziweyo
- ixabiso lenkcazo yokuqala
- xabiso ekhethekileyo
| 1 | 0% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 100% |
| 2 | 0.95 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.00 |
| 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 |