Izifo ezithathelwanayo - uluhlu lwezifo ezinobungozi kunye nokukhuselwa kwezifo

Izifo ezithintekayo zizifo eziqhelekileyo zezifo. Ngokwezibalo, ngamnye umntu unezifo ezithintekayo ubuncinane kanye ngonyaka. Isizathu salokhu kudla kwezi zifo sisekuhlukeni kwazo, ukusuleleka okuphezulu kunye nokuchasene nezinto zangaphandle.

Ulwahlulo lwezifo ezithathelwanayo

Ukuhlelwa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo ngokuya kwindlela yokusasazeka kwesulelo kuxhaphake: ukuhamba kwe-airborne, i-fecal-oral, i-domestic, i-transmissible, inxibelelwano, i-transplacental. Ezinye zezifo ziyakwazi ukuhambelana namaqela ahlukeneyo ngexesha elifanayo, kuba zinokudluliselwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Endaweni yendawo, izifo ezithathelwanayo ziyahlula ngamaqela amane:

1. Izifo ezithathelwanayo zamathumbu, apho i-pathogen iphila kwaye iphindaphinda emathumbu. Izifo zeli qela ziquka: i-salmonellosis, umkhuhlane we-typhoid, isifo segazi, i-kilera, i-botulism.
2. Izifo zendlela yokuphefumula, apho iimbumba ze-nasopharynx, i-trachea, i-bronchi kunye nemiphunga ichaphazelekayo. Eli liqela eliqhelekileyo lwezifo ezithathelwanayo, ezibangela iimeko zengcinezelo minyaka yonke. Eli qela libandakanya: i-ARVI, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-influenza, i-diphtheria, inkukhu yenkukhu, i-angina.
3. Izifo zesikhumba ezithunyelwa ngomgca. Oku kubandakanya: ama-rabies, i-tetanus, i-anthrax, i-erysipelas.
4. Izifo zegazi, ezithunyelwa yizinambuzane kunye nokunyangwa kwezokwelapha. I-agent causative ihlala kwi-lymph negazi. Ukutheleleka ngegazi kubandakanya: i-typhus, isibetho, i-hepatitis B, i-encephalitis.

Iziganeko zezifo ezithathelwanayo

Izifo ezithintekayo zinempawu eziqhelekileyo. Kwizifo ezahlukileyo ezichaphazelekayo, ezi zibonakaliso zibonakalisa ngokwezigaba ezihlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuhluka kweenkukhu kunokufikelela kuma-90%, kwaye ukukhuselwa komzimba kubunjwa ubomi, ngoxa i-ARVI isifo esiphathelene nokusuleleka malunga ne-20% kwaye yenze i-immunity short-term. Ngokuqhelekileyo zonke izifo ezithathelwanayo zizinto ezinjalo:

1. Ukusuleleka, okungabangela ubhubhane kunye neemeko zengcinezelo.
2. Ukuhamba kwenkqubo yesi sifo: ixesha lokutshatyalaliswa, ukubonakala kwe-harbingers yesi sifo, ixesha elimangalisayo, ukuhlengahlengiswa kwesi sifo, ukubuyisela.
3. Izimpawu eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya umkhuhlane, i-malaise jikelele, i-chills, intloko yesifo.
4. Ukuqulunqwa kokukhuselana nomzimba ngokumalunga nesifo.

Izizathu zezifo ezithathelwanayo

Isizathu esibalulekileyo sezifo ezithathelwanayo sisifo: ii-virus, ii-bacteria, i-prions kunye ne-fungi, nangona kunjalo, kuzo zonke iimeko, ukungena kwe-arhente eyingozi kukukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwesi sifo. Kule meko, izinto ezinjalo ziya kubaluleka:

• zeziphi izifo ezithathelwanayo ezichaphazelayo;
• zingaphi ii-agent ezangena emzimbeni;
• yintoni inetyhefu ye-microbe;
• yintoni imeko kawonkewonke yomzimba kunye nesimo somzimba womzimba.

Iiperidi zezifo ezithathelwanayo

Ukususela kwixesha le-pathogen lingena emzimbeni kwaye de kube kufikeleleka ukugqiba kuthatha ixesha. Ngeli thuba umntu udlula kwixesha elinjalo lwezifo ezithathelwanayo:

1. Ixesha lokuxubusha lixesha eliphakathi kokungena kwe-arhente eyingozi kwindawo kunye nokuqala kwesenzo saso esisebenzayo. Eli xesha lihamba ukusuka kwiiyure eziliqela ukuya kwiminyaka emininzi, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-2-3.
2. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo libonakaliswa yimbonakalo yeempawu kunye neefoto zesikliniki.
3. Ixesha lokuphuhliswa kwesifo , apho iimpawu zesifo zikhuliswa.
4. Ixesha lokushisa , apho iimpawu zibonakaliswa ngokukhawuleza njengoko kunokwenzeka.
5. Ithuba lokuphela - iimpawu zinciphisa, imeko iphucula.
6. IEksodus. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuyabuyiselwa - ukunyamalala ngokupheleleyo kweempawu zesifo. Isiphumo sinokuhluka: ukutshintshela kwifomu elingapheliyo, ukufa, ukubuyela kwakhona.

Ukusasazeka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo

Izifo ezithintekayo zidluliselwa ngeendlela ezinje:

1. Ukuxhamla komoya- xa kutyunyuza, ukukhwehlela, xa iincinci zamathele ezine-microbe zinyanzeliswa ngumntu onempilo. Ngale ndlela, kukho ukusasazeka okukhulu kwezifo ezithathelwanayo phakathi kwabantu.
2. I-Fecal-oral - i-microbes isasazwa ngokutya okungcolileyo, izandla ezingcolileyo.
3. Isihloko - ukusasazwa kwentsholongwane kwenzeka kwimpahla yasendlini, izitya, iifestile, iimpahla, iilesi zokulala.
4. Umthombo osasazekayo usulelo luyizinambuzane.
5. Uqhagamshelwano - ukusasazeka kwentsholongwane kwenzeka ngoqhagamshelwano lwezesondo kunye negalelo legazi.
6. I-Transplacental - umama osulelwe ngumntwana usulele isifo kumntwana kwi-utero.

Ukuxilongwa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo

Ekubeni iintlobo zezifo ezithathelwanayo zihlukeneyo kwaye zininzi, oogqirha kufuneka basebenzise ubunzima beendlela zokwenza uphando ngokuchanekileyo. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokuxilongwa, inxaxheba ebalulekileyo idlalwe yiqoqo le-anamnesis: imbali yezifo zangaphambili kwaye, iimeko zokuphila nomsebenzi. Emva koviwo, ukwenza i-anamnesis nokubeka isifo sokuqala, ugqirha uchaza isifundo sebhubhoratri. Ngokuxhomekeke kwi-diagnostic ekulindelekileyo, ingaba novavanyo lwegazi ezahlukeneyo, iimvavanyo zeseli kunye neemvavanyo zesikhumba.

Izifo ezithathelwanayo - Uluhlu

Izifo ezithintekayo ziziintloko phakathi kwezifo zonke. I-agents edalayo yeli gciwane zezifo ezihlukahlukeneyo, ii-bacteria, iifungi, i-prions kunye nama-parasites. Izifo ezithintekayo zezifo zizifo eziphezulu zokusuleleka. Ezi ziqhelekileyo zezi zifo ezithathelwanayo:

• ukusuleleka kwiphepha elingaphantsi lokuphefumula;
• izifo zamathumbu;
• ARVI;
• HIV;
• isifo sofuba;
• i-hepatitis B;
• isifo somhlaza ;
• Candidiasis;
• i-toxoplasmosis;
• salmonellosis.

Izifo zebhaktheriya zoluhlu lwabantu

Izifo zebhaktheriya zidluliselwa kwizilwanyana ezikhuselweyo, umntu ogulayo, ukutya okungahlambulukanga, izinto kunye namanzi. Bahlulwe zibe zintathu iintlobo:

1. Izifo zesisu. Eyona nto iqhelekileyo ehlobo. Ubangelwa yiibhaktheriya ze-Salmonella, iShigella, E. coli. Izifo zesisu zomzimba ziquka: i-typhoid fever, i-paratyphoid, ukutya ekudleni, i-dysentery, escherichiosis, i-campylobacteriosis.
2. Izifo zokuphefumula. Ziyafumaneka kwiindawo zokuphefumula kwaye zi nobunzima bokungenwa kwegciwane: i-FLU ne-ARVI. Ukwelashwa kwama-bacterial of the tract tract is: angina, tonsillitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia.
3. Izifo zoxinzelelo zangaphandle ezibangelwa yi-streptococci kunye ne-staploclocci. Esi sifo sinokubangelwa ngenxa ye-ingress yeebhaktheriya ezinobungozi kwesikhumba ephuma ngaphandle okanye ngenxa yokuphulwa kwe-bhakteria yesikhumba. Ukusuleleka kweli qela kuku: impetigo, carbuncles, furuncles, erysipelas.

Izifo eziyintsholongwane - uluhlu

Izifo zentsholongwane yabantu zixhaphaze kakhulu kwaye zixhaphake. Umthombo wesi sifo sisifo esivela kumntu ogulayo okanye kwisilwanyana. Izifo zonyango ezithathelwanayo zisasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye zingafikelela kubantu kwintsimi enkulu, ekhokelela ekubhubeni kwindlala kunye neengxaki zengcinezelo. Ziyazibonakalisa ngokugcwele ngexesha lekwindla-ntwasahlobo, ehambelana nemeko yemozulu kunye nezinto ezibuthathaka zabantu. Izifo ezilishumi eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

• ARVI;
• umkhuhlane ;
• izibilini;
• inkukhu;
• i-hepatitis yentsholongwane;
• usulelo lwe-cytomegalovirus ;
• herpes simplex;
• mononucleosis;
• rubella;
• pneumonia .

Izifo zefungal

Izifo ezithathelwanayo ze-fungal zesikhumba zithunyelwa ngokuqhagamshelana ngqo kunye nezinto ezingcolileyo kunye nezambatho. Izifo ezininzi ezinamafayili zinempawu ezifanayo, ngoko ke ukuxilongwa kwesikhumba se-scrapings kuyadingeka ukucacisa ukuxilongwa. Usulelo oluqhelekileyo lwefungal luquka:

• Candidiasis;
• i-keratomycosis: i-lichen ne-trichosporia;
• i-dermatomycosis: i-mycosis, i-favus;
• i-pyoderma : i-furunculosis, izilonda;
• exanthema: ipapilloma kunye ne-herpes.

Izifo zeProtozoal

Izifo zeProtozoal zizifo ezibangelwa yiprotozoa ye-parasitic. Phakathi kwezifo zeprotozoal ziqhelekileyo: i-amoebiasis, i-giardiasis, i-toxoplasmosis kunye ne-malaria. Abathwali basosuleleko bezilwanyana zasemakhaya, imfuyo, ummiyane we-malaria, iimpukane zaseTzece. Iimpawu zezi zifo zifana nezifo zentsholongwane, kwaye kwezinye izifo isifo singahamba ngaphandle kwempawu. Ukucacisa ukuxilongwa, ukuxilongwa kwebhubhoratri yamathambo, i-blood smears okanye umchamo kuyimfuneko.

Izifo ze-Prion

Phakathi kwezifo ze-prion, ezinye zezifo ziyasuleleka. Iiprotoni, iiprotheni ezinesakhiwo esitshintshileyo, ziyangena emzimbeni kunye nokutya okungahlambulukanga, ngezandla ezingcolileyo, izixhobo zonyango ezingenasigxina, amanzi angcolileyo kwimigodla. Izifo ezithathelwanayo ze-Prion zabantu zizifo ezikhuselekileyo ezithintela ukunyanga. Ezi ziquka: I-Creutzfeldt-Jakob isifo, i-kuru, isifo sokulahla komndeni, i-Gerstman-Straussler-Sheinker syndrome. Izifo ze-Prion zithintela inkqubo yesantya kunye nengqondo, ekhokelela ekudemeni kwengqondo.

Izifo eziyingozi kakhulu

Izifo eziyingozi kakhulu ezithathelwanayo zizifo apho ithuba lokubuyisela liyingxube yepesenti. Izifo ezihlanu eziyingozi kakhulu ziquka:

1. Isifo se-Kreutzfeldt-Jakob, okanye i-spongiform encephalopathy. Esi sifo esinqabileyo se-prion sisasazeka kwizilwanyana ukuya ebantwini, sikhokelela ekonakalweni kwengqondo nokufa.
2. HIV. Intsholongwane ye-immunodeficiency ayiyingozi kwaze yagqitywa kwinqanaba elilandelayo- AIDS .
3. Rabies. Ukuphulukiswa kwesi sifo kunokwenzeka ngokugonywa, kude kubekho iimpawu zeerbibi . Ukubonakala kweempawu kubonisa ukufa kusondele.
4. Umkhuhlane weHemorrhagic. Oku kubandakanya iqela lezitsholongwane ezitshatyalaliswayo, apho phakathi kwazo zifumene ukuba zifumaneke kwaye aziphilwanga.
5. Isibetho. Esi sifo, esiye sagxotha amazwe onke, ngoku sisinqabile kwaye singanyangwa ngamayeza. Ezinye iintlobo zesibetho ziyingozi.

Ukuthintela izifo ezithathelwanayo

Ukuthintela izifo ezithathelwanayo ziquka ezo zixhobo:

1. Ukuphucula ukhuseleko lomzimba. Unamandla okukhuseleka komntu, ngokungaphantsi kwexesha uya kugula kwaye aphilise ngokukhawuleza. Ukwenza oku, kuyimfuneko ukukhokela indlela yokuphila enempilo, udle ngokufanelekileyo, udlale imidlalo, uphumule ngokupheleleyo, zama ukuqiniseka. Umphumo ophuculweyo wokuphucula i-immunity iyinkimbinkimbi.
2. Ukugonywa. Ngexesha leengculazi, umphumo omuhle unika ugonyo olujoliswe kumgomo othile. Izitofu malunga nokutheleleka okuthethelelekileyo (imasisi, imvumba, i-rubella, i-diphtheria, i-tetanus) ifakwe kwishedyuli yokugonywa.
3. Ukuqhagamshelana. Kubalulekile ukukhusela abantu abanegciwane, sebenzisa indlela ekhuselekileyo ngexesha leengcinezelo, bahlala behlamba izandla.