Ngethuba lonke lobukho balo, ininzi yoluntu yayingaphantsi kwaye ilawulwa ngabantu abaninzi abanegunya, ukuhlala kwizikhundla eziphambili.
Ukuthotyelwa kukubalulekileyo kwinqanaba lobomi bentlalo yomntu. Inkqubo yolawulo iyimfuneko kuwo wonke uluntu. Singatsho ukuba ukungeniswa kuyindlela yokunyanzeliswa kwengqondo yomntu ngamnye, ngokubhekiselele kulowo mntu kufuneka enze ngokubhekiselele kwinjongo.
Ukuze kufundwe isakhiwo sokuxhaswa kwabantu, kwenziwa inkqubo ekhethekileyo. Kwabizwa ngokuba yi-Milgram Testement. Uphuhliswe ngumphengululi wezengqondo owaziwayo uStanley Milgram. Injongo ephambili yale sifundo kukufumanisa ukuba bangaphi abantu abaqhelekileyo abanokwenza abanye bangenacala, ukuba ukunyanzelwa kwentlungu kungomnye wemisebenzi yabo.
Uvavanyo lweStanley Milgram
Uvavanyo lwaluquka oku kulandelayo: umntu ongaziyo ngenjongo yokwenene yesifundo wacelwa ukuba ahlawule ngokukrakra komnye umntu, oko kukuthi, ixhoba. I-generator yangoku yangoku isetyenziswa.
Kwindlaliba yexhoba, umntu oqeqeshwe ngokukhethekileyo, umcebisi we-experimenter, uthetha. Izenzo zakhe zakhiwe ngokwecebo elithile.
Emva koko isifundo sacelwa ukuba sisebenzise ukutshitshiswa kwe-electro-shock, isilumkiso sokuba le nkqubo iqhutyelwa, njengokungathi ufunde isiphumo sohlwayo kwimemori yabantu.
Njengoko uvavanyo luqhubeka, lo mbandela ukhuthazwa ukubetha ngamandla anyulayo, oko kungathi kube yingozi kwintlungu yabomntu. Ukuziphatha komntu ophantsi kokuvavanywa kuchazwa ngokuthi "ukungeniswa", xa evuma kwizicelo zomhloli, iimfuno zakhe. Isenzo sokungahambisani nxamnye nomzuzu xa isigwebo siphelile. Kwinqanaba elona likhulu lamandla okutshatyalaliswa kwamandla kagesi, okubangela ukuba ixhoba linokubangela, inani lezenzo zeso sifundo lisekelwe.
Ngaloo ndlela, isantya sokuthotyelwa komntu sinokuncitshiswa kwixabiso elithile ngokuxhomekeke kwisifundo ngasinye kunye nokulinga oluthile.
Le nqubo ikuvumela ukuba wenze iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neziguquko. Umhloli uya kutshintsha umthombo wemithetho, uhlobo lwemiyalelo kunye nomxholo wayo, into yokujeziswa kunye nezixhobo, ngokuya kuhlawulwa isilya, njl njl.
Kwimiqathango yezifundo zokuvavanya zazimalunga nama-40 amadoda, aneminyaka yobudala ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-20 ukuya kuma-50. Iphephandaba lendawo lishicilele isikhangiso malunga nokulinga, kwaye abantu bamenywa ngabanye. Izifundo zakhethwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa: oonjiniyela, abhali beposi, abathengisi, njl. Umgangatho wemfundo uhlukile. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kovavanyo, iMilgram yahlawulwa i-$ 4. Isifundo ngasinye saxelelwa ukuba le mali ihlawulwe ngenxa yokuba wafika kwibhubhoratri kwaye oku akuxhomekeke kwiziphi izikhombisi abaza kuzifumana.
Uvavanyo lwaqhutywa kwiYunivesithi yaseYale. Enye inketho ingaphandle kwayo.
Kwimvavanyo nganye, umxholo kunye nexhoba uthathe inxaxheba. Iingqungquthela, phantsi kokubethelwa okuthe tye, kukuba kwakuyimfuneko ukufumana impembelelo yesihlomelo kwixabiso lokufunda ngokupheleleyo.
Iziphumo zovavanyo
I-Milgram iphumelele kwiziphumo ezibini, ezichaphazela ukuzama kunye nezigqibo kwiingqondo zentlalo.
Isiphumo sokuqala: umxholo ubonisa ukuthambekela okungalindelekanga
I-Milgram yenza izigqibo ngokuvumelana nokuzama: idatha efunyenwe yabonisa ukuba kubantu abadala banokuzimisela ukunyuka ngokude kunzima ukuba baxele ukuba bakulandela umntu onobunyani.
Ngoko, umzamo we-Milgram wenza inxaxheba ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni i-psychological social and, ngelanga, ifanelekileyo ngexesha lethu.