Ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane, abantu baye bazama ukuchazela iinkqubo zobomi nokunciphisa ukuqonda ubomi kwiipatheni ezithile. Ngefilosofi, le mizamo yaphumela ekubunjweni kwemithetho yee dialectics, ezahluke ngokubambisana kwabo, ukuhlala kunye nehlabathi jikelele.
Yimiphi imithetho ye-dialectics?
Ekuqondeni kweengcali zefilosofi, umthetho ngumxinano ozinzile kunye nesimo sobudlelwane phakathi kweziganeko kunye neenkqubo. Imithetho ye-dialectics inezinto eziphambili:
- Injongo. Imithetho yoxanduva ayixhomekeke kwiminqweno nakwizenzo zomntu.
- Ukuthanda izinto. Imithetho ibonisa okubalulekileyo kwinto okanye into.
- Ukuphindaphinda. Umthetho ubonisa kuphela ezo zinto kunye nezixhumo eziphindaphindiweyo ngokuchanekileyo.
- Ihlabathi. Imithetho ye-dialectics kwifilosofi ichaza ukuxhamla ngokuqhelekileyo okuqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iimeko zolu hlobo oluthile.
- Ukungafani. Imithetho ichaza imimandla eyahlukeneyo yenyaniso: uluntu, uhlobo, ukucinga.
Ngubani ofumene imithetho ye dialectics?
Intuthuko yokuqala kwintsimi ye-dialectics ibuyele ngexesha lamaxesha asendulo: I-China, Indiya neGreece. I-dialectic yamandulo ayilungiswanga kwaye ichanekile, kodwa yayingumqalo wokuqonda kwangoku kwimiyalelo yobomi bendalo. UZenon Elea, uPlato, uHeraclitus kunye noAristotle yimizamo yokuqala yokwenza imithetho ye-dialectics.
Igalelo eliphambili ekuvelweni kwengcamango yolwimi lwenziwa ngamafilosofi aseJamani. Icandelo elibalulekileyo lemisebenzi yabalobi baseJamani, kuquka nemithetho emithathu ye-Hegel's dialectic kunye nenkolelo yolwazi lukaKant, imfundiso yobuKristu. Ifilosofi yeso sihlandlo yayixhomekeke ekuqondeni kwexesha elide lehlabathi kwaye yayiqwalasela ingqinamba ejikelezayo njengento yolwazi kunye nomsebenzi.
3 komthetho wee dialectics
Ukuphuhliswa komntu ngamnye kunye noluntu jikelele luxhomekeke kwiziganeko ezithile, ezibonakaliswe kwimithetho yezobugcisa, jikelele kunye engenakho imida. Zingasetyenziswa ngokumalunga nawuphi na uluntu, ubunzima, umzuzu wembali, uhlobo lomsebenzi. Imithetho emithathu ye-dialectics ibonisa iiparameters zophuhliso kwaye ibonise indlela ukuqhubela phambili kwinqanaba elikhethiweyo liya kuqhubeka.
Kukho imithetho efana neentetho:
- Umthetho wobumbano kunye nomzabalazo wokuchasana. Kwintliziyo yentuthuko inokuqala ekuqaleni, umzabalazo okhokelela ekuphuhliseni amandla kwaye kukukhuthaza ukuhamba.
- Umthetho wokutshintshwa kweenguqu ezithintekayo kumgangatho ofanelekileyo. Utshintsho lobungakanani lunokubangela ukubonakala kweempawu ezintsha zobunjani.
- Umthetho wokunyanzelwa kobutyala. Umthetho uchaza ukuba kutheni ukuphuhlisa kuhamba, kungekhona.
Umthetho wobumbano kunye nomzabalazo wokuchasana
Umthetho wokuqala we-dialectic uthi yonke into ehlabathini ihamba kwimigaqo emibini echaseneyo, ephikisanayo. Ezi ziqalo, nangona ziphikisana nazo, zinomxholo ofanayo. Umzekelo: imini nobusuku, ubanda kunye nobushushu, ubumnyama nokukhanya. Ubunye kunye nomzabalazo wokuchasene nxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuhamba phambili. Siyabulela, ihlabathi elijikelezile lifumana amandla okuhlala kunye nemisebenzi.
Umzabalazo wemikhosi ephikisayo iyahluka. Ngamanye amaxesha kunenzuzo kumacandelo omabini aze athole uhlobo lokusebenzisana. Ngelo xesha, elinye icala lingasoloko lilahleka. Kwesinye iimeko, iintshaba ezichasayo zikwazi ukulwa de enye yazo ichithwe ngokupheleleyo. Kukho ezinye iintlobo zokusebenzisana kwezichasene, kodwa umphumo uyafana njalo: ukuphuhliswa kwamandla ekuphuhlisweni kwehlabathi elijikelezile.
Umthetho we-dialectics - ubungakanani buya kumgangatho
Umthetho wesibini we-dialectics ugxininisa iimpawu zobulunga kunye nezibalo. Uthi zonke iinguqu zenzeka kwinqanaba elithile lokuqokelela iimpawu ezininzi. Ukuqokelelwa kwamanani okungafunekiyo kukhokelela ekutshintshiseni ukuguqulwa komgangatho okhokelela kwinqanaba elitsha lophuhliso. Utshintsho olulungelelanayo nolungakanani lunokuphinda luphindwe kabini, kodwa kwinqanaba elithile lihamba ngaphaya kwemida yezinto ezikhoyo okanye iinkqubo kwaye zikhokelela ekutshintsheni kwenkqubo yoqhagamshelwano ngokwayo.
Umthetho wokunyanzelwa kobutyala
Umthetho wokukhanyela ukunganyaniseki kwifilosofi kusekelwe kwixesha elifanelekileyo. Yonke into ekhoyo ikhona kuphela de ibe yintsha. Izinto ezingasebenzi, izinto kunye neziganeko zithatyathwa yintsha, ekhokelela ekuphuhlisweni nasekuphuculeni. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iindlela ezitsha ziphelelwa ngumsebenzi kwaye zithatyathwa ngamanamhlanje. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuqhubela phambili nokuphucula. Kule meko, uphuhliso luqinisekiswa ngokuqhubekayo kwaye luhamba.
4 umthetho we-dialectics
Imithetho ebalulekileyo ye-dialectics iphela kwaye ihloselwe ukuchaza ukuphuhliswa kwendalo kunye nolwakhiwo lwezoqoqosho. Imithetho emithathu yedayiliki yenziwe ngamafilosofi kuma-Middle Ages kwaye yanceda ukuqonda uhlobo lokuhamba kunye nophuhliso. Abanye abafilosofi kunye neentlalo-ntsapho zexesha lethu bakholelwa ukuba imigaqo ekhoyo kunye nemithetho ye-dialectics ayibonisi ngokupheleleyo umfanekiso wophuhliso. Nangona imithetho emitsha iqhubekela phambili, abaninzi abafilosofi bakholelwa ukuba umthetho wesine awunomthetho we-dialectics, kuba unqumla imithetho emithathu ekhoyo.
Imithetho ye-dialectics ifaka imithetho elandelayo:
- Umthetho wokungqinelana kwamanani amaninzi, anobunzima kwaye anobungozi.
- Umthetho wokuguqulwa komgangatho ochasene nawo.
- Umthetho wofana noThixo.
Imithetho ye-dialectics yimizekelo
Imithetho yezobuhlanga iphela kwaye ingafakwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Makhe sithethe imizekelo yemithetho emithathu yeentetho ezivela kwimida eyahlukeneyo yobomi kunye nemvelo:
- Umthetho wobumbano kunye nomzabalazo wokuchasana. Umzekelo omangalisayo ngumncintiswano wezemidlalo apho amaqela azama ukufezekisa iziphumo eziphezulu, kodwa zikhuphisana.
- Umthetho wokutshintshwa kweenguqu ezithintekayo kumgangatho ofanelekileyo. Inani elikhulu lemizekelo eqinisekisa ukuba lo myalelo unokufumaneka kwiinkalo zoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Izinguqu ezincinci kwisakhiwo sezopolitiko zelizwe zingagcina zikhokelela ekutshintsheni kwintlalo yoluntu.
- Umthetho wokunyanzelwa kobutyala. Ukutshintsha kwezizukulwana ngumzekelo ochanileyo kunye oqondakalayo walo mthetho. Isizukulwana ngasinye esilandelayo sifuna ukuqhubela phambili, kwaye le nkqubo ayiyeki.