Ngaliphi na ixesha, abantwana "abakhethekileyo" bazalwa. Ngelishwa, indlela yokuzalwa yabantwana abanjalo iyanda minyaka yonke. I-Oligophrenia okanye ngezinye iindlela ukungabikho kwengqondo, namhlanje ifunyaniswa kwi-3% yabantu bemihlaba. Abafana kwindawo ephakamileyo yengozi ekuphuhlisweni kwesi sifo kunamantombazana 2: 1.
Oligophrenia - yintoni na?
I-Oligophrenia yintuthuko yengqondo engaphelelanga okanye efunyenweyo (dr.g. ὀλίγος - encinci, encinci, ingqondo engqondweni). Ukulahlwa kweengqondo kwisigaba samazwe ngamazwe (ICD-10) i-encrypted phantsi kwesihloko F 70-79. Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, iinkqubo zenzeka:
- ukunciphisa izakhono ezivela kwinkqubo yophuhliso loluntu ;
- ukulibaziseka kwengqondo jikelele (ingqiqo, ulwimi lwezakhono, izakhono zezithuthuthu, izakhono zoluntu).
Uwuphi umehluko phakathi kweZPR kunye ne-oligophrenia?
Ukulibaziseka kwengqondo (PPR) lixesha eliqhelekileyo elidibanisa ukuphulwa okuthile ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo. Ngubani oligophrenic kwaye yiyiphi indlela eyahlukileyo yokuhlukana komntwana onokuxilongwa kwi-ZPR:
- I-Oligophrenic kunzima ukufunda, abantwana abane-DZP bangafikelela kwiziphumo ezilungileyo kwizifundo zabo kunye nenkqubo ekhethiweyo efanelekileyo.
- Abantwana abaneZPP bayamkela uncedo lwabanye ngelixa befunda imisebenzi yengqondo kwaye emva koko bawasebenzisa kwimisebenzi yengqondo efanayo okanye imisebenzi. Kwi-oligophrenia, kwaneendlela ezininzi zokwenza umsebenzi oyingqiqo, ukufana kufakelwa kwisilinganisi esingabalulekanga (kuxhomekeke kubukhulu besifo).
- I-Oligophrenia kukuphazamiseka ngokupheleleyo kwemisebenzi yengqondo, kunye ne-CRD ebonakaliswe ngophawu lomsebenzi (ukungaphuhliswa kwemisebenzi ethile yengqondo, kunye nokugcina ngokupheleleyo kwabanye).
- I-CPR ibonakalisa ubuninzi bokungakhukhumuliseki ngokomzwelo, intsingiselo yengqondo ye-psychophysical infantilism. I-Oligophrenia yi-dysontogenesis yengqondo.
- Abantwana abanePZD ngokugqithiswa kunye nokuqeqeshwa ngokufanelekileyo bangaba ngabemi abapheleleyo kuluntu. I-Oligophrenics idla ngokudinga ukugcinwa kunye nokugcinwa kwabazali okanye urhulumente.
Izizathu ze-Oligophrenia
Oligophrenic = lo ngumntu ofunyanwe ukuba ene-oligophrenia. Kutheni abantwana bezalwa benesifo esinzulu sengqondo? Iingcali kwi-genetics ne-psychiatry zibiza izizathu ezininzi:
- Ukungaqhelekanga kwe-Genetic: iziphene kunye nokuchithwa kwama-chromosomes (i-Down's syndrome), iintsholongwane zemizimba ethile (isifo se-X-chromosome syndrome, i-autism, i-Rett syndrome).
- Ubungqingili obunzulu bomntwana.
- Iziphazamiso zengxaki zesifo (i-phenylketonuria)
- Izifo ezinzima zikamama ngexesha lokukhulelwa (i-syphilis, i-listeriosis, i-toxoplasmosis) kunye nokuchithwa kweekhemikhali, izinto ezinobungozi ngokomzimba (ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo, ukuxilisa).
- I-Rhesus-impi.
- Ukuzalwa okunzima (u-asphyxia wesisu, ukulimala kokuzalwa, ukusebenzisa i-forceps).
- Ukulimala kwe-Craniocerebral yomntwana.
- Ukuhlehliswa kwintsana kunye nokuqala kwasebuntwaneni, izifo ezithintekayo ezichaphazelekayo ezichaphazelekayo kwi-system central neervous system (meningitis, meningoencephalitis).
- Ukunyanzelwa kwabafundisi kwixesha apho kukho ukuphuculwa ngokukhawuleza kwemisebenzi yengqiqo.
- Etiology.
Oligophrenia - iimpawu
Ukuba umntwana u-oligophrenic ozalwe kwintsapho ekhuselekileyo, abazali abaphulaphule baqaphela ngokukhawuleza ezinye iinkalo eziyingozi. Ngomlinganiselo omncinci weengqondo, ixesha elithile lingadlula, oko kuthetha ukuba kulahlekelwa amathuba okulungiswa. Indlela yokuqaphela i-oligophrenia kwinqanaba lokuqala - kukho impawu ethile ye-oligophrenia kuxhomekeke kwisilinganiso:
- isakhiwo esingaqhelekanga skull (microcephalus, ancephalus, hydrocephalus);
- impumlo ephothiweyo, amehlo ahlambulukileyo oblique obanzi;
- epicanthus ("intlupheko yesithathu");
- ukuphulwa kwezakhono zokuthetha;
- ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwimiba yemoya ;
- izilonda ezininzi;
- ukuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi yokuqonda.
Iintlobo ze-oligophrenia
Iinkqubo zokuvela kwe-oligophrenia zilungelelanisa uluhlu okanye iintlobo apho isifo esiza kubalwa khona. Kukho izigaba ezininzi ze-oligophrenia:
- Iiprayimari (ezizalweni zokuzalwa) ze-oligophrenia (ukuguqulwa kofuzo).
- I-oligophrenia yesibini okanye efunyenwe.
Olunye udidi lwe-oligophrenia ngokwe-MS. I-Pevzner (umntwana wengqondo-defectologist), ehlaziywe ngo-1979:
- inzima (kulula);
- kunye nokuphulwa kweenkqubo zokukhutshulwa kunye nokuvinjelwa;
- kunye nokuphulwa kwenkqubo yokuhlaziya;
- kunye neengqungquthela zezindlela zokuziphatha ze-psychopathic;
- ngokubhekiselele ekuphuculweni kwe-lobes yangaphambili.
Amanyathelo oligophrenia
Ukuphazamiseka kwe-oligophrenia kuqhubela phambili kuxhomekeke kububungqina be-pathology kwaye kwahlulwe ngezigaba:
- Ukuziqhelanisa neyona ndlela ilula ye-oligophrenia. Kamva, xa kuthelekiswa nokuphuhliswa kwabantwana abanobuchule bokuthetha, izakhono zezithuthi, imisebenzi yokuqonda, iziphene zentetho. I-Oligophrenia kwinqanaba lokuhamba libonakaliswa ngumdala kwiminyaka eyi-8-12. Ukufunda kwezingane kumaziko odidi olukhethekileyo. I nqanaba le-IQ li-50-69.
- Ukungabi ncam U-Oligophrenic uyakwazi ukulungelelanisa kwindawo eqhelekileyo, ngokuzimeleyo iyanelisa izidingo zomzimba. Ukwandisa i-libido kunye nokuziphatha okubi ngokwesini, ukuziphatha kakubi. Ivela ngeendlela ezimbini: ezingaboniswa (zihambelana neminyaka engama- 6-9 ukuya kweyengqondo, i-IQ 35-49;) kwaye ivakalise ukungabikho komsebenzi (iminyaka engama-3-6, i-IQ 20-34).
- Idiocy yinkalo enzima kakhulu, apho ukuphulwa kunzulu kweengqondo (ngaphantsi kwe-30, iminyaka engama-1-3 ubudala). Ukuqeqeshwa akunakwenzeka. Ngenxa yomonakalo omkhulu emzimbeni, ayifumanekanga ku-30, kuphela ngokunyamekela.
Oligophrenia unyango
I-Oligophrenia iyisifo sokuphila "ubomi bomntu," ngaphandle kwesifo se phenylketonuria, kunye nokuxilongwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye nokutya okumiselwe kakuhle, umntwana angakwazi ukuqala ukukhula ngokuqhelekileyo. Unyango lwe-oligophrenia lukhethwe ngokugqithiseleyo ngugqirha ngamnye kwaye unyango olungumqondiso lujoliswe ekugcineni amalungu kunye nezixhobo ezibalulekileyo.