Ngama-mashumi eminyaka ngaphambi kwethu, iingcaphuno zengcinga eziphezulu kakhulu malunga nokuzingca. Kwaye, nangona kukho utshintsho oluye lwafumaneka kwihlabathi lethu, amazwi asefilosofi zasendulo ahlala efanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, isicatshulwa sobugovu ukusuka kwiprogram yomculi omkhulu uAristotle, owayekholelwa ukuba ubugovu abukho ekuthandeni, kodwa ngokukhulu kunokuba kufanele, umlinganiselo walolu thando. Inkolelo ye-egoism iqulethe izinto ezininzi. Abanye abantu bajonga ukuzingca ukuba lubuhle, umgangatho ofunekayo wokufumana ulonwabo, abanye bakholelwa ukuba ukuzingca kubangela ukubhujiswa kwangaphakathi kuphela. Ukuphikisana kunokulandelwa ngokucacileyo kwiingcaphuno kunye nee-aphorisms malunga nobugovu. U-Epitetetus wabhala ukuba ukwenza yonke into akuthandi ukuba usebenze ngokubhekiselele kokulungileyo. UThackeray, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wayekholelwa ukuba kuzo zonke izinto ezimbi ezihlazisa umntu, ukuzingca kubona bubi kakhulu kwaye buyadelela. Ukuphikisana nombono wobugqwetha kugxininiswa kwi-aphorism ka-Ambrose Bierce: "Umntu onobubele unomdla ongathandekiyo, unomdla ngakumbi kuye kunokuba nam." Kwaye nantsi isicatshulwa malunga nokuzingca kweJermolova, apho umgca phakathi kobuqili obunengqondo kunye nokuthandana okutshatyalaliswayo: "Wonke umntu wenza konke ngenxa yakhe. Ngenye kuphela ngeendleko zabo kwabanye kwaye abanye abafuni, kwaye abanye ngokwabo ngeendleko zabanye kunye nakwezinye izinto abakwaziyo. "
"Unempilo" kwaye "ugula" ukuzingca
Ama-aphorisms ayibonakali nje into ebalulekileyo yobugovu, aphinde agxininise inani elikhulu leentsingiselo esizibeka kwingcamango yokuzingca. Lo mbuzo udlala indima enkulu ebomini bethu. Ukucwangcisa iingcamango zobugovu kunye nokunyaniseka, unokutshabalalisa ubuntu okanye ubangele ukumelana nokunyanzelisa "I", kwaye ufezekise ngokupheleleyo umphumo ochaseneyo. Ukususela ebuntwaneni sifundiswa ukuba ukuzingca ngumoya, kwaye ubuntu bomntu bunalo propati njengoloyiko lokubonakala lubi emehlweni abo. Ngaloo ndlela, isixhobo sokunyanzelisa sisilungile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba umntu wenza oko afuna kuye, okanye ubizwa ngokuba ngu-egoist. Umntwana ngokukhawuleza uyayiqonda indlela yokwenza izinto ezinjalo, kwaye kuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zakhe eziba ngumntu osesikweni okanye umntu ochaphazelekayo. Ukukhula, uyaqhubeka eziphatha ngokuhambelana nomzekelo wokuziphatha ophuhlisiwe ebuntwaneni bakhe. Ngokusekelwe kwiingcamango ezibekwayo kwakha ubudlelwane kwintsapho, ngokufanelekileyo ufundisa abantwana. Kodwa yintoni ekupheleni? Ukuba umntwana uba ngumlawuli, ngoko umbuzo wezinto eziyingozi. Ufezekisa iinjongo zakhe ngokusebenzisa abanye, ngelixa bengakhathaleli konke ngesimo sabo sengqondo malunga nezenzo zakhe. Abantu abanjalo abanalo umda wobugovu, abaxhalabele iimvakalelo zabo, kwaye ngenxa yoko bahlala bodwa okanye bangqongwe ngabantu abathandayo. Ukuba umntwana uthatha indima yexhoba, ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo uba ngumntu ongenamdla, kodwa kungekhona ngenxa yothando lwabamelwane bakhe, kodwa ngenxa yokwesaba ukubangela ukunganyaniseki. Abantu abanjalo bangena kwiinkonzo zabaxhaphazi, baze bachithe ubomi babo kwimzabalazo eqhubekayo phakathi kweemvakalelo zetyala abazityalo ngokulula, kwaye bazame ukuyeka ukukhupha ubuntu babo. Abantu abanjalo banako ukuthobela ezandleni zabasebenzi, kodwa bangena kuluntu apho kungekho mntu uzama ukuzilawula, bayazama ukuzikhusela, bavutha kwaye bahlasele.
Ngoko kukho into enjengomntu ophilileyo onobomi bomntu. Ukuzingca okunjalo kubonisa uthando nokuzikhathalela, kodwa ukuqonda nokuhlonela abanye. Abafana abanjalo abanakuze benze nantoni na ukukholisa umphathi wecala, kodwa ukuba babona kuyimfuneko, baya kunceda ngokunyanisekileyo ngaphandle kokulinda imvume kwaye ngaphandle kokwesaba ukusola. Ubunzima bezempilo buhambelana ne-altruism, kodwa ayikho into eyenziwa ngumnikelo, oza kubangela ukutshabalaliswa kwangaphakathi. Ukutshatyalaliswa kweli "lixhoba" kukubangela ukuphazamiseka nokuhlupheka ngenxa yabanye. Ukunyaniseka kwe-egoist ephilileyo kubonisa izenzo ezonwabisayo kunye nabanye. I-egoist enempilo ingaba ngumntu okhuselekileyo kunye nexhoba, kodwa kuphela xa bebona ukungaphantsi kwesimo sokuziphatha esamkelwe ngaphambili. Ngaphezu koko, ukubonakaliswa kobugovu kumadoda nakwabasetyhini kufana, kwaye ngoko ke, iindlela zokulwa nokuzingca ziyahluka. Qondani,
Musa ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ukuzingca. Ukunyanisekileyo kuyimfuneko kumntu ubomi obupheleleyo kunye nokufezekiswa kweenjongo zakhe. Ukukhusela ukhetho lwakho kunye neembono zakho, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo ukuhlonela nokuqonda umbono kunye nokukhethwa kwabanye abantu kuyinto ehlukile yokwenza izinto ezintle.