Kuqhelekileyo ukwazi ukuba amaqela egazi amane afunyenwe. Igalelo legazi lomntu ngamnye kumnye okanye elinye lalo liyinto yokuzalwa kunye nesigxina. Inkqubo eqhelekileyo yeqela legazi ngu-AB0 (a, b, zero). Ukubunjwa kwegazi kuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa iiselom zegazi ezibomvu zibalulekile ekuqaliseni igalelo legazi, kwi-membrane yimilamleksi yesignali - i-antigens ingaba khona. I-antigens eziphambili zi-A kunye ne-B. I-Rh (Rh) i-antigen (lipoprotein, iprotheni) enokufumaneka kwiimvulophu yeeseli ezibomvu zamaseli. Iqukethe ama-antigens angaphezu kwama-50, i-C, c, iD, i-E, e, e, B., kubalulekile kubalulekile ukuba wazi ukuba kulungile okanye kukubi, kuthethwa ngama-antigens D no-d kunye nokudibanisa kwabo xa iprotheni izuzwa ngabantwana kubazali.
Ukumisela uhlobo lwegazi kunye neR Rh
Ukuze uchonge iqela legazi lomntu, fumana ukuba unayo i-antigens A ne-B:
- Ukuba akukho nanye, oku kuthetha ukuba igazi lilo liqela lam, elikhethiweyo "0".
- Ukuba i-antigen A ikhoyo, eli gazi lilungu leqela II, likhethwe ngokuthi "A".
- Ukuba i-antigen B ikhona kwi-membrane yeseli, legazi lilungu leqela III kwaye likhethwe "B".
- Ukuba ii-antigens A neB zikhoyo, ngoko igazi leqela IV likhethwe ngokuthi "AB".
Ukufumana ukuba yiyiphi i-Rh factor, kufuneka ufumane oku kulandelayo:
- Ukuba le protein-ikholelwa ukuba i-Rh yomntu iyanceda.
- Ukuba iprotheni ayifumanekanga - i-Rh factor is negative.
Ngokomphando, kwaziwa ukuba malunga ne-85% yabemi beeplanethi bane-Rh enhle.
Ukwazi njani iR Rh kunye neqela legazi?
Kwenzeka ukuba ngexesha lobomi bokwazi lweqela legazi kunye neR Rh ayiluncedo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imeko apho kuyimfuneko ukwazi le ngcaciso:
- phambi ko msebenzi;
- ngaphambi kokumpontshelwa igazi ;
- phambi kokufakelwa komzimba;
- maxa wambi ngaphambi kokucwangcisa ukukhulelwa ;
- xa iliso kunye nokubeka esweni abafazi abakhulelweyo;
- Ukufumanisa izifo ze-hemolytic zeintsana ezisandul 'ukuzalwa.
Ukwenza oku, kufuneka wenze uhlalutyo lweR Rh kunye neqela legazi.
Incazelo yeqela apho igalelo legazi liyilo lokuyihlola ngokubhekiselele kwinkqubo ye-ABO. Ukumisela iqela legazi, kuyimfuneko ukufumanisa ukuba i-antigens A ne-B zikhoyo kwiiseli ezibomvu zegazi. Uvavanyo luyenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-control control equlethe i-antibodies kwi-antigens A kunye ne-B. Amayeza okulwa ne-antigen A abizwa ngokuba yi-anti-A kwaye ikhethwe i-alpha (alpha), kwaye kwi-B-anti-B kwaye ichaza i-β (beta). Xa kukho ukuqhutyelwa okuthile, ukuphendulela kwe-erythrocyte kwenzeka, kuthiwa yi-agglutination. I-Antigens A ne-B zibizwa ngokuba yi-agglitinogenes, kunye ne-antibodies α ne-β yi-agglutinins.
Ukuba i-agglutination (ukubambelela) iyenzeka, i-Rh enhle, ukuba ayikho - ayibi.
Ukuchonga uhlobo luni lwegazi, qhathanisa i-antibodies ethile (α and β) kunye nama-antigens (A no-B), ngamanye amagama, amaqela egazi angama-4 atholakala ngenxa yezihlanganisi ezahlukeneyo ze-agglutinins kunye ne-agglitinogens.
Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuphanda i-Rh igazi:
- Indlela yokuvakalisa. Le ndlela iyona ndlela iphambili yophando-xa ityhubhu yokuhlola kunye neesampula zegazi ayishushu. Oku kufuna i-serum yendalo yonke, ifanelekileyo kuwo onke amaqela egazi.
- Indlela yeGelatin. Hlanganisa ngegazi elilinganayo kunye ne-10% isisombululo se-gelatin.
- Ezinye iindlela. Funda kunye nePetri izitya.
- Ngokuncedwa ngu-papain. Le nkcazo yenziwa kwiimeko ezigqithiseleyo ukuchonga ukuhambelana ngaphambi kokumiswa kwegazi.
Impawu zabantu abaneentlobo ezahlukeneyo zegazi
Abantu abaphethe uhlobo oluhle lwegazi lwe-Rh, bazimisele kwaye bayazithemba.
Abo baneqela lesibini legazi, kunye ne-Rh efanelekileyo, banomdla, banxibelelana, bavulekile, banokwenene, banako ukulungelelanisa.
Abantu abaneqela lesithathu legazi kunye neResus positive ba nethemba kwaye bavulekile, njengeentlanga.
Ngeqela lesine legazi kunye ne-rhesus efanayo, abantu banomzimba onobubele nobumnene, bahlakaniphile kwaye bangenangqiqo.