Indlela yokukhulisa ukhukhamba - iimfihlelo zokutshala nokutya

Indlela yokukhulisa iikomkom iyaziwa yiyo yonke imifuno yegadi. Kodwa akusoloko isiphumo sihambelana nesiphumo esilindelekileyo. Ukuvuna okucebileyo umvuzo wokukhupha nokukhupha, ukuqonda ubuqhetseba kuzo zonke izigaba zokulima kwesi sityalo semifuno emnandi.

Iikhukhamba - ukutyala

Iimfihlelo zokukhuka ukhukhamba zilula kakhulu. Zizo:

• kwindawo efanelekileyo;
• ukugcina iimeko zokushisa eziphezulu;
• amanyathelo okukhusela ukukhusela izifo;
• umbutho wokuthambisa nokugqoka okuphezulu.

Ikhukhamba ikhula kakuhle kwimimandla ehlwayelwe kunye nomthambeka osenzantsi kwihlabathi eliselunxwemeni kunye ne-reactor ne-acidic reaction. Kodwa enoba indawo enhle kakhulu ayinakufika kwisityalo, ukuba ngaphambili kwakutyelwe ithanga, i-watermelon, beetroot, i-sunflower okanye utamatisi. Musa ukucebisa ama-agronomist ukuba akhule ukhukhamba kwindawo enye kwiminyaka emibini elandelelanayo-oku kunokukhokelela ekusasazeni kwezifo ezithile (i-fusarium wilt, i-anthracnose, i-bacteriosis).

Urhulumente weqondo lokushisa kunye nomswakama ukuchonga indlela kunye nexesha lokutshala ikhukhamba. Kwiindawo ezifudumeleyo, isivuno esihle sivelisa ukutyala kwembewu kwindawo evulekile. Indlela yokulima yokulinganisa ilungileyo kwiindawo zeezulu kunye namaxabiso aphantsi okushisa. Le ndlela ilungile ngoba ikuvumela ukuba ufumane isivuno sokuqala - kwiiveki ezingama-2-3 izityalo ezityalwe kunye neencotyambo ziphuma ngaphandle kwabazalwana babo abaye baphuma kwimbewu evulekileyo. Umyalelo wobukhulu obulula ukubonelela ngesityalo kunye nokufunwa kwamashishini okushisa, ukukhanyisa nokunyusa kwi-greenhouse.

Ikhnoloji yokukhupha ikhukhamba - imibhede

Umhlaba ngenxa yekhukhamba idinga ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwangaphambili. Ekwindla isayithi kufuneka ihlwaywe kwaye izityalo zomgquba zendalo, i-phosphoric kunye ne-potassium ziyaziswa. Ngentwasahlobo, oku akunakwenziwa, kuba uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwezondlo lunokulimaza izityalo. Ukuba izinga le-acididi yomhlaba landa, iifomfoneli ze-calestone kufuneka zongezwe. I-nitrogen fertilizer kufanele yenziwe entwasahlobo ngexesha lokulima komhlaba ngaphambi kokutyala kwaye ngexesha lokukhula kwesityalo.

Ukulima kunye nokunyamekela iikomkom ehlabathini elivulekileyo kuya kunika iziphumo ezifanelekileyo ngokulungiselela kakuhle imbewu. Izinto zokutyala kufuneka ziphathwe ukushisa, zifakwe kwii-microelements kwaye zenziwe. Imigaqo yokuhlwayela imifuno kufuneka ifike emva kwexesha-kummandla wee-climatic strips kufuneka kuyenziwe kungekuqaleni kweMeyi, xa umhlaba uhlahlela ukuya ku -15 ... + 17 ° С. Hlwanyela imbewu emithonjeni (kunye nekhefu lama-50-60 cm, elinekwere enye okanye ezimbini). Imbewu 4-5 ifakwe kwisityalo ngasinye. Ubunzulu bokuhlwayela bufikelela kwi-2 cm kwihlabathi enzima ye-loamy, ukuya kwi-4 cm-enhlabathini enesihlabathi esilula.

Ukukhuphula izithombo zekhukhamba

Izityalo eziqinisiweyo, zityalwe emhlabathini, ziqala ukuvelisa iziqhamo kwangaphambili kwiiveki ezimbini kunezihlahla ezikhulile ezivela kwimbewu. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi abalimi beloli bakhetha indlela yokwenza imbewu, ngokukodwa kwezo ndawo zemozulu apho isantwaba singasonakalisi ukushisa. Izityalo zokupheka ziqala kwangaphambili, kuba kufuneka zihlanyele ekuqaleni kukaJuni, kwaye ngexesha lokutshala kwisityalo kufuneka zibe ngamaqabunga ama-3-4 kunye nobudala bayo kufuneka zibe ngama-20-25 iintsuku. Iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokuhlakulela izithombo zekhukhamba:

• ibhodwana elilodwa elinomhlaba omhle kunye nemigodi yamanzi - ukuloba nganye;
• Indawo efudumeleyo ekhanyayo kunye nobushushu bomoya ngexesha lomini ngu-20-22 ° C, ebusuku-18-20 ° C;
• ukungabikho kwemifanekiso;
• ukuthambisa okulinganayo ngaphandle kokugqithisa kunye nokomisa komhlaba.

Ukulima kwamakhukhamba ukusuka kwimbewu

Ukuvunwa okulungileyo kunokwenzeka xa utyalwa imbewu evulekile. Kule meko, ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikezwe ukulungiselela ukulungiselela izinto zokutyala:

• Imbewu esetshenziselwa ukutshala iminyaka engama-2-3 edlulileyo
• ngaphambi kokuba kuhlwayelwe, ziyalinganiswa - zihlanjululwe kwaye zikhulile kwisisombululo se-saline imizuzu emi-5-10 (isisombululo silungisiwe kwaye sibalwa i-3 g ityuwa nge-100 ml yamanzi), imbewu eye yavela emgangathweni iyalahlwa;
• ukutshala iikomkom ayenzi ngaphandle kokungcoliswa kwembewu kwisisombululo sezidakamizwa zokulwa ne-antibacterial ("Fitosporin-M", "Baksis", 1% isisombululo se-potassium permanganate);
• kwinqanaba lezorhwebo, ukutshatyalaliswa komzimba kwenziwa ngokufudumala (iintsuku ezingama-3 i-inoculum igcinwe kwiqondo lokushisa lika-40 ° C okanye ngosuku kwi-80 ° C);
• xa ityalwe kwiimbewu ezihluphekayo zomhlaba zixutywe kwiifomethri (abagqugquzeli bokukhula - "Epin", "iZircon");
• hlwayela kuphela kumhlaba ofudumeleyo;
• enye i-algorithm, indlela yokukhulisa iikomkom kunye nokunyamekela, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko kunye neentlobo.

Izindlela zokukhupha ukhukhamba

Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokukhulisa ukhukhamba. Zigqityelwe ngaphambili ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, ukufumaneka kwesithuba samahhala, umgangatho womhlaba, urhulumente weqondo lokushisa kunye neempawu zokunkcenkceshela. Ezinye iindlela zokukhupha ukhukhamba zidinga iindleko ezongezelelweyo ekwakhiweni kwezibonda kunye nokuthengwa kwezigulane ezikhethekileyo. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo phakathi kwabalimi yindlela elandelayo:

1. Vasstil. Iikhamkhamba zisasaza zonke iibhedi kwaye zisebenzise ngokupheleleyo ilanga. Ukungalungi kwendlela leyo inokuba yingozi yokulimaza iziqu kunye nenkqubo yeengcambu xa ukhulula umhlaba kwaye unisela.
2. Kwi trellis. Izityalo zityalwe kwimigangatho emibini, iigxina ziyaqhutyelwa kuyo, kwaye intambo ye-trellis ifakwe kubo. Xa uphendula umbuzo onokukhuphula ukhukhamba ngokubamba, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba kule meko kuyimfuneko ukukhetha indawo ekhuselweyo kwimimoya kunye neesakhelo.
3. Kwiibhere. Indlela yokuqala yokugcina ikhukhamba ezikhulayo kwiibhare ibonwa njengento entsha, kodwa sele isetyenziswa ngokubanzi phakathi kwabalimi kunye neefama zerori. Iimvumba zizaliswa ngotshani, umgquba, umhlaba uchithelwa phezulu, uphuzisa kwaye umhlaba ushiywe ukuma iveki. Emva koko utyale imbewu ye-5-8.

Iimeko zokukhupha ukhukhamba

Ikhukhamba isityalo esithandayo ukufudumala, asiyi kukunyamezela amaqabunga, nokuba iqondo lokushisa lika-10 ° C linokubulala. Ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwemifuno ngu-25-30 ° C kunye nomswakama ongaphantsi kwama-70-80%. Kwiqondo lokushisa lika-15 ° C, likhupha ukukhula kancinci. Ukuhlakulela iikomkom ehlabathini elivulekileyo kuthatha ukukhululeka kwimihlaba kunye nokukhula kwokhula. Amafama athobileyo anqwenela ukuthatha indawo yeendlela ezimbini zokugqibela ngokugqithisa umhlaba .

Ukuhlakulela iikomkom ehlabathini

Ngaphambi kokuqala kwexesha lesityalo, isityalo kufuneka silinganiswe ngokulinganisela kwisantya se-4-6 ilitha nganye kwi-1 m ² emva kweentsuku ezingama-5-6, i-shrub ehluma iziqhamo kunye neziqhamo idinga ukunyuka okukhulu-6-12 ilitha nganye imihla. Ukunisela kufuneka kwenziwe ngamanzi afudumele kwaye kuhlwe. Ukuze ugweme ukulimaza inkqubo yeengcambu ezinokutshatyalaliswa, kufuneka usebenzise amathanga okusela kunye nabaprayisi. Ukukhula nokunyamekela ukhukhamba ngasekupheleni kwehlobo kuthetha ukunciphisa amaxesha amaninzi okuthambisa. Ukugqithisa kokunyamezela kumhlaba ocolile kungakhokelela ekwakheni ingcambu yokubola.

Iingcebiso zokukhupha ukhukhamba - ukugqoka okuphezulu

Ukuchumisa rhoqo kubonakala kuluhlu lweemfihlelo zokulima iikomkom. Ukuba nepropati ebuthakathaka, isityalo sidinga umthombo owongezelelweyo wezinto ezincedo, ezizityebi kwizichumiso eziphilayo. Ukugqoka okuphezulu kokuqala kuyenziwa ekuqaleni kweentyantyambo, ngexesha lexesha lokusebenza lokuchuma - nganye iintsuku ezili-10 ukuya kwe-15. Njengesichumisi, ungasebenzisa isisombululo seentaka zeentaka (ihlanjululwa emanzini 1:20) okanye i- mullein (ngo-1:10). Njengoko ukhula phantsi kweentlobo unako ukuthulula i-peat. Usetyenziso lwamakhukhamba kunye nokugqoka okuphezulu - ukuphalaza ngesisombululo esisodwa "I-Ovary" .

Ukukhuphula ukhukhamba kwintsimi - izifo kunye nezilwanyana ezinambuzane

Inkathazo eqhelekileyo yekhukhamba yimifudo, iiflebhu, ihluma, izilwanyana zesicabungulu. Unokulwa nabo ngokuphatha ama- insecticide kunye namahlathi ("Fosbetsid", "Agravertin", "iPhytoferm", "Carbophos"). Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zokukhula kwamakhukhamba zibonisa ukukhusela izifo ezifana ne-powdery mildew, i-bacteriosis, i-anthracnose. Kule njongo, ukugqoka imbewu kuyenziwa, xa izibonakaliso zokuqala zesifo zivela, izityalo zihlanjululwa ngesisombululo se-potassium permanganate, sulfaride, efafazwe ngesulfure yomhlaba.