Umba wokukhuliselwa uhlala ufanelekile kwiminyaka emininzi. Izizukulwana ezipheleleyo zabazali, ootitshala nabafundisi bazama ukufumana imodeli efanelekileyo yokuphuhlisa izakhono kubantwana. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko bethetha, bangaphi abantu, ezininzi iingcamango. Ukukhangela umzekelo omhle wemfundo kukhokelela ekukhuleni kwemimandla emininzi kwinkalo yokufundisa. Kwaye ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda ukuba ngubani ofanelekileyo kumntwana wakho, makhe sicinge ngeengcamango eziphambili zanamhlanje zokukhuliswa.
Izindlela zamanje kunye neengcamango zemfundo
Kwinkqubo yokufuna kunye nokuqulunqa imikhosi yokuqhuba ukukhuliswa kunye nezinto zayo zakhiwo, iqela elikhethekileyo lokufundisa laliqulunqiswe ngokuthi "Iingcamango zeMfundo". Kwintsimi yokufundwa kwayo yonke imixholo yeklasi kunye neyamanje apho imfundo yaqwalaselwa kwiindawo ezahlukileyo zawa. Ukuvela kweli candelo kwangoko ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba labekwe ngu-K.D. Ushinsky, obhala incwadi ethi "Umntu njengento yemfundo: amava anthropology." Ukumlandela kwiminyaka engama-20-30. Inkulungwane ye-XX, inxaxheba enkulu kwiingcamango zemfundo ezenziwe ngu-A.S. Makarenko kwimisebenzi yakhe: "Injongo yemfundo," "Izindlela zemisebenzi yokufundisa," "Ukufundiswa kwimfundo yabantwana," njl.
Iingcamango zanamhlanje kunye neengcamango zokukhulisa zinabalobi abaninzi, abaphandi abasemgangathweni wokubunjwa kobuntu kunye nendima yothisha kwinkqubo yokukhulisa abantwana kunye nophuhliso.
Iingcamango zanamhlanje zokufundisa nokukhulisana zibandakanya iingcamango ezincinci ezisiseko, abasunguli bezofilosofi ezivelele kunye neengqondo zeengqondo:
- ingqondo yengqondo (K. Rogers, A. Maslow);
- indlela yokuziphatha (indlela yokuziphatha) i-theory (D. Watson, D. Locke, B. Skinner);
- ingcamango yolwazi (D. Dewey, J. Piaget);
- i-biological (genetic) theory (K. Lorenz, D. Kennel);
- i-psychoanalytic theory (uZ. Freud, E. Erickson).
Ngama-60-70. Inkulungwane yeshumi leminyaka yabona ukuvela kwezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-teknoloji kwimfundo nokukhuliswa. Isiseko salo sisekhompyutheni echanekileyo kunye nokuqhubekayo ngokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokufundisa ehleliweyo. Ndiyabulela kule ndlela, ezininzi iingcamango zanamhlanje nobuchwephesha bemfundo zifumene iinkalo ezithile zenkqubo yokusebenzisana nomfundi:
- ukubeka iinjongo zoqeqesho, ezichaza izenzo kunye nesimo sengqondo somfundi (ulwazi, ukuqonda, isicelo);
- ukukwazi ukuvelisa zonke izixhobo zokuqeqesha: ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili kwinqanaba lezakhono, ukulungiswa ngokwempendulo yomfundi kunye notitshala, ukuhlolwa kokugqibela kweziphumo kunye nokusekwa kweenjongo ezintsha;
- impendulo evela kumfundi, ukulawulwa kolwazi lwakhe kunye nezakhono kunye nokulungiswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo naziphi na izigaba zokukhuliswa.
Iipateni jikelele zeengcamango zanamhlanje zemfundo
Nangonahluko phakathi kweendlela, ukubonakaliswa kweengcamango zamanqanaba ezamhlanje zakhiwe kwiipatheni jikelele:- Ukukhuliselwa kwenzeka ngobudlelwane obusondeleyo nokufunda, kodwa kusekhona indima ebalulekileyo;
- ukuphumelela kokukhuliswa kuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi yomfundi ngokwakhe kunye nokubandakanyeka kwakhe kule nkqubo;
- iziphumo zemfundo zixhomekeke kuzo zonke izixhobo ezakhiweyo kule nkqubo: iifom, iindlela kunye neenjongo ezichazwe ngumntwana kunye nootitshala.
Ngokwezicwangciso zokuphucula imfundo eRashiya, iingcamango zanamhlanje zemfundo yezemfundo namhlanje zikhokelo eziphambili:
- ukwandisa indima yemisebenzi yemfundo ekwakheni isimo sengqondo esitsha sabaselula;
- kufuneka ukubuyisela idibaniselwano phakathi komxholo, umgangatho wemfundo kunye
iimfuno zomntu ofundiswayo, uluntu kunye nombuso; - ukubuyiselwa kwendima yombuso ekukhulisweni kwesizukulwana esincinane;
- ukwandiswa kwezifundo zokukhuliswa, njengamaziko oluntu, amaziko emfundo noluntu.
Iimbono zanamhlanje zemfundo zijoliswe, okokuqala, ekubunjweni komntwana wobuntu benkcubeko. Nangona amaziko amaninzi asekuhlaleni asebenzise imizekelo engapheliyo yokukhuliswa, urhulumente ufuna ukuphucula le nkqubo ukwenzela ukuba isizukulwana esincinane sibe nethuba lokufumana ulwazi kunye nezakhono ngokuhambelana neemfuno zoluntu lwangoku kwaye ngoncedo lwezobuchwepheshe zamuva.