Umtshato ongonwabanga yindawo engendawo kumntwana, ochaphazela kakubi ukuguqulwa kwakhe kwengqondo kunye nophuhliso loluntu. Ngeengxaki ezinjalo, ukuqhawula umtshato isisigqibo esifanelekileyo kuphela, kodwa ubukho babantwana abancinane abaqhelekileyo buyinkimbinkqubo. Inkqubo yezogwebo kunaliphi na ilizwe likhusela iimfuno kunye namalungelo abemi abancinci ngokubanzi.
Indlela yokufaka isicelo somtshato xa kukho abantwana abangaphantsi?
Le meko ayinikezeli ukuchithwa komhla wama-30 womtshato ngokusebenzisa iinkonzo zokurekhoda (ukurekhoda) izenzo zokuguqula isimo somntu (i-registry office, RAGS). Ukwahlukana kwabatshatileyo abanezingane ezincinci ziqhutyelwa ikakhulu yinkundla. Inguqu elula ivunyelwe kuphela xa omnye wabathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo:
- yanyamalala;
- ngakwazi;
- usejele (ukususela kwiminyaka emithathu).
Kwezinye iimeko, ukuqhutyelwa kweqhawulo-mtshato phambi koonyana abancinci kwenziwa ngenkundla yesithili. Nawaphi na amaqabane angaba ngumqalisi wenkqubo ukuba ngamnye umntwana uneminyaka engaphezu kwonyaka kwintsapho. Ibango elivela kumntu alivunyelwanga ukuba unqume ukuba ahlukane nomfazi wakhe okhulelweyo okanye ahambe njengotata wengane. Siza kufuneka silinde de kube umntwana ejika ezinyangeni ezili-12 ubudala okanye afumane imvume yomfazi ekupheleni komtshato.
Umyalelo wokuqhawula umtshato phambi koonyana abancinci
Umthetho unikezela ukuhlukana okukhawulezayo, ngoko ke amabini macala anikwa ithuba lokuxoxisana kunye nokuxoxwa. Inkqubo yokuqhawula umtshato phambi koomntwana omncinci ithatha ubuncinane inyanga 1, kodwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ihlala ifikelela kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Ngeli thuba, amaqabane aza kufuneka ahlalutye iimpikiswano zepropati kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, athathe isigqibo kwisigqeba.
Umtshato uqhawulwa njani xa kukho abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka:
- Ukulungiselela onke amaxwebhu afanelekileyo.
- Ukubhala nokuhambisa isicelo.
- Ukuqwalaselwa kwebango likhala wenkundla.
- Nika i-hearing ukuba uxwebhu luvunyiwe. Ngamanye amaxesha kukho iintlanganiso ezimbalwa eziphindaphindiweyo.
- Ukubhaliswa kwesiqinisekiso.
Amaphepha okuqhawula umtshato phambi koonyana abancinci
Ukuze unobhala wenkundla avume kwaye avume isicelo, kubalulekile ukulungiselela amaphepha alongezelelweyo. Xa ufaka isicelo sokuqhawula umtshato phambi koonyana abancinci kunye nekopi yayo, la maxwebhu alandelayo afakwe kuwo:
- iirisithi yentlawulo epheleleyo yemali eyabelwe;
- yokuqala kunye nekopi yesenzo sokungena kumtshato wamanje;
- icatshulwa kwincwadi yendlu yokubhalisa;
- ipasipoti kunye nekopi eqinisekisiweyo;
- ubungqina (bokuqala) malunga nokuzalwa kwabo bonke abantwana abakhona.
Ijaji inokucela kwakhona ukucacisa amaxwebhu: i-inventory impahla, iingxelo zonyango nabanye. Ukwahlukana phakathi kwabantwana abancinci kuyinkqubo ecacileyo neyinkimbinkimbi, ngexesha apho iqumrhu lomthetho kufuneka liqwalaselwe kwaye likhusele imfuno yomntwana ngamnye. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kufuna ukuba kufumaneke imeko yezimali yommangali kunye nommangalelwa, ukuseka intlalontle yabo kunye nokubonakala kwabo.
Isicelo sokuqhawula umtshato kunye nomntwana omncinci
Kulo mithetho akukho mithetho eqinile yokuqulunqa uxwebhu olucacileyo lomthetho. Ingxelo yesibango sokuqhawula umtshato kunye nabantwana (umzekelo ongezantsi) kufuneka iqulethe ulwazi:
- igama, idilesi yenkundla;
- Idatha kummangali, ummangali (ukubhalisa, indawo yokuhlala yangempela, igama, igama kunye negama lomntu);
- umhla, indawo yomtshato;
- iinjongo zokwahlula;
- izizathu zokuba ungenakuqhawula umtshato ngaphandle kwesivivinyo;
- ulwazi malunga nomntwana ngamnye;
- ukucaciswa kwepropati ebonakalayo ehlanganisiweyo;
- isicelo esicacileyo sokuqala kwenkqubo yokuqhawula umtshato;
- uludwe lwamaphepha aqhotyoshelweyo;
- sayina;
- umhla.
Ukwahlukana phakathi kobudala bemali kunye nabantwana abancinci
Xa izindlu ezidibeneyo zithengwa ngekhredithi, izibophelelo zepropati ziyahlula ngokulinganayo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukuqhawula umtshato, ukuba kukho umntwana omncinci, kuthintela kuphela inani lemali yesabelo somntu ngamnye. Ngokunikezelwa kokugqibela kwendawo yokuhlala kunye nenani leentlawulo, ibhanki ibhalwa ukuba ngubani oyakuba ngumgcini. Ukuba isakhiwo se studio sithengwa ngetyala , icandelo aliphunyezwa. Uhlala uhlala kumzali ojongene nabantwana. Umlingani wesibini unokuxoshwa ngembuyekezo, okanye umfazi wesibini kunye nomyeni bafuna ezinye iindlela zokusombulula ingxaki.
Ukuqhawula umtshato kunye nabantwana abancinci
Ngokuqhelekileyo bobabini baqaphela ukuba akucebisi ukuba baqhubeke behlala kunye. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, inkqubo yoqhawulo-mtshato phambi koonyana abangaphantsi kwexesha ihamba ngokukhawuleza. Indoda nomfazi benza isivumelwano ngokusasazwa kwipropati kwangaphambili kwaye bafike kwisivumelwane sokulondoloza kunye ne-alimony. I-suit joint idibeneyo, kunye nokuqhawula umtshato ngesigqibo esisodwa phambi koonyana abancinci kuqinisekiswa kwinkantolo yehlabathi. Yonke inkqubo kunye nokufumana isatifiketi sale nto ithatha malunga nenyanga.
Oonyana abancinci bahlala bani ekuqhawuleni umtshato?
Lo mbuzo onobuchule uqwalaselwa ngokuxhomekeke kumaninzi amaninzi. Imithetho yoqhawulo-mtshato phambi koonyana abangaphantsi kweminyaka ibonisa ubungqina bokuba bobabili abazali banamalungelo afanayo okukhusela izindlalifa. Isigqibo malunga nokugcinwa komsebenzi senziwa ngokwezi zinto zilandelayo:
- umnqweno wobawo nonina ukuhlala nomntwana;
- izinto eziphathekayo;
- impilo, yengqondo nengqondo yabazali;
- umonakalo onobungozi, ukunyanzelisa ubundlobongela nomnye wabagcini;
- imeko (izihlobo, abahlobo).
Xa uqhawulo lomtshato lukho phambi kwabantwana abancinci abasemthethweni ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwabaselula (ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10 ubudala), ijaji kunye ne-arhenteti arhente ziza kubuza, ngubani kunye nokuba kutheni bafuna ukuhlala. Abantwana baninzi basala kumfazi ngokuhambelana neSibhengezo samaLungelo eMntwaneni (asayinwe ngoNovemba 20, 1959). Ithetha ukuba abantwana abancinci akufanele bahlukane nomama ngezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga.