- Idilesi: Tiwanaku, eBolivia
- Ifowuni: + 591 6666 6666
- Umhla wokwakhiwa konyaka : 530-560 iminyaka. AD
I-Puma Punku yindawo ephawulekayo yeBolivia . Le ngqungquthela yokwenza umlinganiselo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezingaphezu kwama-4 000 eemitha, ezikufuphi kweChibi Titicaca kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezifanayo, iTiwanaku . Igama elithi "Puma Punku" liguqulelwe ngokuthi "Isango likaPuma".
Umda wokwakha: iingcinga kunye neengxabano
Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zohlalutyo lwe-radiocarbon, izazinzulu zithatha ukwakhiwa kweminyaka emi-530-560 yexesha lethu, kodwa akubona bonke abadala bezinto zakudala abavumelana naloo nto, ingakumbi ngokuqwalasela ukufana kobunzima beTiwanaku, obuya kwikhulu le-15 BC. e.
Iyabangela ukungathandabuzeki "kwiminyaka esemthethweni" yesakhiwo kunye nokuba imithombo ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo ekhankanya ingxaki ayizange igcinwe. Le nyaniso inika ingxabano enkulu malunga nento eyiyo iPuma Punk kunye nendima ayidlala ngayo kwiinkcubeko zezizwe ezihlala kuyo.
Akuqinisekanga ngolo hlobo oluncinci lwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye nokufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala ezenziwe apha - Fuente Magna. Le yinqanawa enkulu yeeramic, iindonga zazo zihlotswe ngemidwebo ekhumbuza i-cuneiform yokuqala yeSomeriya. I-Fuente Magna idluliselwa kwizinto ezingafaniyo - izinto ezingenakwenzeka ngokwemiqathango yexesha eliqhelekileyo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Namhlanje i-Fuente Magna igcinwa eLa Paz, kwiMyuziyam yeeMveliso eziPhambili, kunye nokubhalwa kwesitya kwi-bowl.
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Yintoni eyinkimbinkimbi?
I-Puma Punku yinkampu eyenziwe ngobuninzi bodongwe (ecaleni kwemijikelo, isanti yomlambo iguqulwa ngamacoblones) kwaye ihlanganiswe ngokugqibeleleyo kunye nemigca ye-megalithic. Ukusuka ngasenyakatho ukuya kumzantsi ilula malunga ne-168 m, ukusuka empuma ukuya entshonalanga - kwi-117. Kwiindawo ezikulo-mpuma-ntshona nakumazantsi-mpuma - izakhiwo ezongezelelweyo zamacangechunge zenziwe. Isiqongo sijikeleze intendelezo yesimo somxholongwane.
Ekuqaleni, i-Puma Punk, ngokwendlela yokwakhiwa kwakhona, yayiyiqela lezakhiwo ngendlela yeleta "T" entabeni ejikelezwe ngamatye amancinci amancinci, ukuya kumawaka eekhigram. "Umlenze" weleta "T" uyancipha. Kuze kube ngoku, ubunzima buye buvela kwindawo ewonakaliswe kakubi - isakhiwo sikholwa ukuba satshatyalaliswa yindyikima enamandla kakhulu, kwaye iibhloko zetye sele zisetyenzisiwe ngekhulu lama-20 ngenjongo yokuveliswa kwamatshe.
Kodwa - akukhona konke, ubukhulu bezinye abazange bavumele ukuba basebenzise. Ngokomzekelo, kwiLitice Platform - ummandla osempumalanga kwincomeko - kukho i-monolithic slab 7 m 81 cm ubude, 5 m 17 cm ububanzi kunye no-1 m 07 cm ubukhulu. Ubunzima beli qhekeza lithoni ezili-131. Le nto ibaluleke kakhulu (kodwa kungeyona eyona nto ibhetele) ayifumanekanga kuphela kwiPuma Punku, kodwa nakwiTiaunako. Amanye amacwecwe ayincinci, kodwa ubunzima bawo buvela kwiitoni ezingama-20 okanye ngaphezulu. Zenziwe nge-diorite, sandstone ebomvu kunye ne-andesite.
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Izithwele zePuma-Punku
Indlela yokunikezwa ngamatye yenye yezimfihlakalo ezibeka umzi wePuma-Punk kubaphandi bawo. Idiphozithi, apho izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba i-sandstone ichithwa, ingaphaya kwe-17 km, kwaye indawo ephakathi kobunzima kunye nediphozithi iyawela, kwaye akukho ndlela yendlela kuphela, kodwa yinto yokuba . Futhi idiphozithi ye-andesite ifumaneke ngakumbi, malunga ne-90 km ukusuka ePuma Punku.
Nangona kunjalo, le mfihlakalo ayiyodwa yodwa, kukho ezinye izinto ezininzi ezingenakuqondakala apha:
- Uninzi lwezibonda eziseleyo zilandelelanisa ukuba zikwazi ukulungiselela izinto ezinzima ngokusebenzisa ubuchwephesha bwakutshanje, kwaye ezinye iindlela zokucubungula akunakwenzeka ngoku. Umzekelo, apha kukho iibhloko zobunzima obuhlukahlukeneyo, ezinye zazo zineenkcukacha eziprintiweyo (okanye ezenziwe). Akunakwenzeka ukuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa okunjalo kwakunokwenzeka ngeendlela zokuqala ezifumaneka kwizizwe zaseNdiya ezihlala kule ntsimi. Ngendlela, amaNdiya ngokwawo aphika ukubandakanyeka kwabo ekwakheni iPuma Punk. Iimbali zendawo zithi iPuma Punk yakhiwa oothixo, ngubani na otshabalalisa isakhiwo "ngokuphakamisa, ukujika nokuphonsa phantsi."
- Ngexesha lokwakha, iibhloko eziqhelekileyo eziguquguqukayo zisetyenzisiweyo - ukuba kwakungekho kwelitye, ngokukodwa kunzima kakhulu, kuya kwenzeka ukuba zithi iibhloko ezinjalo zenziwe ngokuthintela. Iibhloko zixinene kakhulu kunye nomnye - kwi-gap kaninzi ayifaki i-razor blade.
- Kwezinye iindawo, izibophelelo ezikhethekileyo ezenziwe ngeensimbi ezifana ne-bronze (inqabile eBolivia!), I-Arsenic kunye ne-nickel (engabonakali apha nantoni) yayisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa ibhloko.
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Imfihlelo eyintloko: yayiyintoni ukuqeshwa kwePuma-Punku?
AmaNdiya ngokwawo athi iPuma Punku "indawo yokuphumla koothixo". Kodwa yintoni le nto yayibonakala ngathi?
Kukho uninzi lweenguqulelo eziphambili, ngasinye sinobubungqina bodwa kunye "nezindawo ezibuthathaka":
- Phantse kwiminyaka eyi-100 eyadlulayo, umvubukuli waseBolivia ongumvelaphi wasePoland u-Arthur Poznansky waqhubela phambili inguqu ethi iPuma Punk yayisisigxina - xa iLake Titicaca, ngoku i-30 km ukusuka kwintlanzi, yayigcwele. Le nguqulo kuze kube yiminyaka ayikumeli nayiphi na ingcikivo-isifundo sezantsi kwelibi, okubangela ukufunyanwa kweenkunkuma zezakhiwo zasendulo ngosuku lwayo, kubonisa ukuba ayizange ibe yinto engacacile, kodwa, ngokuchasene nayo, yaba yinkcazo.
- Olu bunzima luphandwe ngoncedo lokwenyuka komhlaba, i-magnetometry nezinye iindlela, ezibonisa ukuba ngaphakathi kwimizila yeekhilomitha ngaphantsi kwezinto ezihlala kuyo nezakhiwo zamanzi. Oku kungabonakali ngokucacileyo ukuba i- Puma Punk isasisixeko esonakalisiweyo .
- Ezinye izazinzulu, nangona ziphumo zezi zifundo, zithi uPuma Punku ngumatshini omkhulu , umzekelo, umguquleli okanye umbane we-torsion field. Isiseko sale nkcazo kukuba ezinye zeebhloko zetye zifana neenkcukacha zendlela ethile eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukudibanisa kweminye "iinkcukacha" zamatye e-Puma Punk kubonakala ngokucacileyo kwisithombe. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeenkcukacha zendlela, ezininzi zazo zihlotshiswe ngokucokisekileyo ...
Kuze kube yimhla, inguqu eyaneleyo yeyona nto eyakhayo i-Puma Punk, xa isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sidalwa kwaye, ngokubaluleke kakhulu, yintoni eyasetyenziswayo-ayikho.
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Indlela yokufikelela ePuma Punku?
Unokufikelela kwindawo eyinkimbinkimbi ukusuka eLa Paz ngenombolo yendlela 1. Umendo ungathatha ukusuka kwesinye nesiqingatha ukuya kwiiyure ezimbini (kuxhomekeke kwimizila yeemoto), kuya kufuneka uqhube ngaphantsi kwe-75 km.
