Iincwadi ezikhokelayo, ezifumaneka eJordan, ziya kutyhila iimfihlelo zobuKristu.
Sekude kwaziwa kubantu ukuba ngamaxesha amandulo kwincwadi yabhalwa kwiidwecwe zedongwe ezigutywe nge-wax, ipapyrus kunye neeplati ezigubungele ubhedu. Kodwa ngo-2007 ihlabathi layikotshazwa ngokufumanisa olutsha: kubonakala ukuba imibhalo yenkolo yathatha uhlobo lweencwadi ezinobunzima kwaye yayifihliwe ngokucophelela ekuhloleni amehlo! Ngubani na kwaye wabafihla ntoni kubantu abafayo?
Wafumana njani iincwadi ezikhokelayo?
Akukho mntu unako ukuvula isigqubuthelo sokufihlakeleyo ukufihla umbhali okanye umnikazi wokuqala weencwadi ezingaqhelekanga ezingenazo iimpawu kwihlabathi. Imbali yemizamo emininzi yokuvelisa isiseko sayo iqala ngo-2005. Kwaye kwenyakatho yeJordan kwakukho umkhukula onamandla, emva koko kwakukho i-ebb.
Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, umalusi wasekuhlaleni wayehlolisise umqolomba owawukhululiwe emanzini, wahlula yaba ngamacandelo amabini. Omnye wabo wayekhonza njengomhlobo wokungena kwesibini. Yayityelela ingqalelo yabalimi, kuba ngelitye elikumboze lona, uphawu lwamaYuda lwangaphambili lwalukhutshwe. Umalusi waseBedouin weza nombono wokunyusa umnyango wamatye-kwaye waxakeka xa wayenza!
Ebumnyameni obumnyama, wayengenakubona nto ngaphandle kweengcibiliki zetsimbi. Ekuhloliseni kwasondela ukuba ezi ziincwadi zokukhokela - zi-70 kuphela. Ubungakanani bamaphepha ngamnye ngamnye bulingana nekharityhulam yanamhlanje yepasipoti okanye ikhadi lekhredithi. Zidibaniswe ngetsimbi zetsimbi zibe ngamaqhosha ama-5-15. Ukutshitshiswa akuyona nto ibonakalayo, njengento yangaphakathi yeencwadi. Iileta ezikumaphepha azifaki, njengokuba kwakuqhelekileyo kumaxesha amandulo, kodwa zifakwe kwi-welded. Abaphathi bexesha elidala bafika engqondweni? Ngubani owabafundisa le ndlela?
UBedouin waqaphela ngokukhawuleza ukuba unokufumana imali enokufunyanwa. Wacela isamba esikhulu kubo, esavumelana ngokulula ngumthandi wase-Israel, uHasan Sayda. Umdayisi kunye nomthengi wathintela ezandleni, emva koko ama-Israyeli angaphandle ngokungekho mthethweni aphuma eJordan. Ingaba umlimi, okanye isityebi awakwazi ukugcina umlomo wakhe uvaliwe: abahlobo babathathi-nxaxheba kwintengiselwano bathetha zonke i-press kunye nososayensi. Inkcazo enkulu yezopolitiko yaqhekeka: u-Israyeli akazange afune ukuhambisa imiqulu, kwaye uJordan wagxininisa ekwenzeni ulwaphulo-mthetho.
Ngaba izazinzulu zifikelela kwiincwadi ezingama-70?
Ngokucacileyo, urhulumente wase-Israel wagxininisa eHassan, kwaye wavuma ngokungazelelwe ukuba wabelane ngezinye iincwadi ezikhokelayo kunye nabasebenzi beeyunivesithi zaseOxford naseZurich. Kwiminyaka emihlanu bafundela iiplate phambi kokuba bazama ukwenza nayiphi na ingxelo yeburhulumenteni. Yintoni abayifunayo ngento engaqondakaliyo?
Kwiimpawu zeeshicilelo kunye neesayinithi ukuya kwimidwebo yesiAramaic, iilwimi zesiGrike neesiHebhere zasendulo ziyacinywa. Ukuchithwa kwentsimbi kuyanyanzeliswa kangangokuthi kunika isizathu sokucinga ukuba iincwadi zabhalwa ubuncinci kwi-1 leminyaka AD. Akukude kule ndawo yaseYordan, ezinye izinto ezivela kwimihla efanayo zafunyanwa ngaphambili. Ezinye izazinzulu ezazikholelwa kuThixo zinoyika ngenxa yokuba ezininzi zeemiqulu zazingqiniswanga ngokuqinileyo nge-iron fasteners. Ziyakwazi ukuqonda: Incwadi yeZityhilelo eBhayibhileni isitshela ngeempawu ezilahlekileyo eziza kuvela nguMesiya xa efika eMhlabeni.
Ingqiqo malunga nokufunyanwa kwachazwa nguDkt. Margaret Barker, owayesebenza njengoMongameli woMbutho weSifundo seTestamente elidala:
Incwadi yeSityhilelo ithetha ngeencwadi ezivaliweyo eziza kuvulwa kuphela nguMesiya. Kukho nezinye iitekisi ezinxulumene nexesha elifanayo lembali elithetha ngobulumko obukhuluweyo kwiincwadi ezinamaphepha. Ngokuqinisekileyo ezi ncwadi ziqulethe iinkonzo ezifihlakeleyo, ezithunyelwa nguYesu kubafundi babo abasondeleyo "
Ukukhangela ukufunyanwa kweencwadi ezikhokelayo
Iingcamango ezinengqiqo kakhulu kukuba izinto ezingcwele zazifihliwe ngamaKristu aphunyukileyo abalekela kule mihlathi emva kokuba iYerusalem iwa. Ukuba ekuqaleni izazinzulu zazicinga ukuba phambi kwazo - iincwadi ezingamaYuda, ngoku ihlabathi lonke lenzululwazi lithembele ekubhalweni kwamaKristu okuqala.
UMargaret Barker ukholelwa:
"Siyazi ukuba amaqela amabini amaKristu abalekela kwintshutshiso eYerusalem, kwaye awela uMlambo iYordan ngaseJeriko, aze aqhube ngasempumalanga kakhulu kufuphi nendawo apho kuye kwathiwa iincwadi. Enye imeko, enokuthi iphakame kakhulu ukubonisa imvelaphi yobuKristu, okokuba akuyiyo imiqulu, kodwa iikhowudi (iincwadi eziqhelekileyo kunye namaphepha). Ukubhala itekisi ngendlela yekhowudi yinto ehlukileyo yenkcubeko yokuqala yamaKristu. "
Kwiphepha elincinci kwakukho indawo engabhalwa kuphela imibhalo, kodwa kwimifanekiso. Imifanekiso yemingcele, imifanekiso, iimpawu - konke oku kufumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi ezifundwayo. Enye yemifanekiso ibonisa icebo elichanekileyo laseYurophu yakudala, enye ibonisa ukubulawa kukaKristu kunye nabaphangi. Yonke imifanekiso iphela phambi komnye, igcina ubuso bendoda engaziwayo. Nangona kunjalo, yonke into ithi lo ngumfanekiso kaKristu.
Okokuqala, kwincwadi efanayo, unokufumana encinane kwimifanekiso yengcwaba kunye nomnqamlezo emva kwodonga lwaloo nto iYerusalem. Okwesibini, iimpawu zobuso kwiqhathaniso olunzulu zihambelana nemifanekiso yokuqala kaKristu kwiimifanekiso kunye nenkcazo yokubonakala kwakhe ebomini benceba.
"Xa ndabona iiplate, ndatshitshiswa. Ndatshitshiswa ngulo mfanekiso, ngokobuKristu ngokucacileyo. Ngaphambili sibona umnqamlezo, kwaye emva kwayo kufumaneka oko kubonakala kubonisa indawo yokungcwaba kaYesu. Esi sakhiwo esincinci sinemingxuma evulekile, emva kweendonga zedolophu ezibonakalayo. Bakho nakweminye imifanekiso, kwaye ngokungangabazeki, ezi ziindonga zaseYerusalem. "
Yiloo nto uNjingalwazi uFilippa Davis waseShefield University wathi.
Ngelishwa, akubona bonke oososayensi abanokuqiniseka ukuba iincwadi ezikhokelayo ziyikhumbuzo elixabisekileyo. Incwadi yileta kubo ayikwazi ukuhlaziywa, kwaye akukho namnye onokuyibonakalisa umxholo wabo ngokwemizobo. Iingcamango zenzululwazi zihlala zitshintshile, kwaye inyaniso engasenayo i-museum iye yanquma ukuthatha uxanduva kwiikhowudi, yenza ukuba ucinge. Uviwo lokugqibela lunokuqinisekisa kuphela ukuba iincwadi ziyiminyaka engama-2000 ubudala. Kodwa ngaba kukho nabani na onokuqonda ukuba bazimisele ukusixelela ntoni?