I-Pragmatism igama eliqhelekileyo kwaye abantu bavame ukuliva ngokwemiqathango enjengoku: pragmatism, umntu okhulayo. Kwimimiselo eqhelekileyo yokumelwa kwamanani, eli gama linxulumene nento ebalulekileyo, efanelekileyo, efanelekileyo neyengqiqo.
I-Pragmatism - yintoni na?
Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu baye bafuna ukunika yonke into igama kunye nenkcazo ngenjongo efanelekileyo-ukudlulisela ulwazi kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Ekuguquleleni ukusuka kwiGrike. I-pragmatism - "isenzo", "ishishini", "inceba." Ngentsingiselo yayo ebalulekileyo-yangoku ifilosofi, ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi eyenziweyo, ngenxa yoko inyaniso ekhankanyweyo igqityiweyo okanye iphikisiwe. UYise-umsunguli we-pragmatism njengendlela - ifilosofi yaseMerika yeXIXX. UCharles Pierce.
Ngubani ongu-pragmatist?
Umntu ongu-pragmatist ngumntu ongumsekeli we-philosophical direction - pragmatism. Ngomntu wemihla ngemihla, umntu onomdla ngumntu oqinileyo, ngokuba:
- i-predominance ye- mindset engqiqo kunye nokuhlalutya ;
- buchule;
- khanyela i ngcamango;
- yonke into ivavanywa ngokwenza umsebenzi ("abantu bezenzo");
- uyazi ukucwangcisa ixesha lakhe ngokuchanekileyo;
- Injongo kufuneka ibe nekhonkrithi ngenxa yesimo senzuzo;
- phumeza yonke into;
- lawula ubomi bakhe ngokungangoko kunokwenzeka;
I-Pragmatism ilungile okanye imbi?
Ukuba ucinga naluphina umgangatho wobuntu - kuyo yonke imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo. Uhlobo oluthile lomntu kwi-surplus ye-surplus liba ngumgca kunye nomqondiso osisigxina, kwaye i-pragmatism ayikho. Umntu oye waqhelisela ukufeza injongo yakhe "unokuya ekhanda phezu kwezithende" ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iimvakalelo zabanye, ube nzima ngakumbi. Kwintlalo, abantu abanjalo banokubangela umona - abantu babone umphumo ophumelelayo walo msebenzi, kodwa musa ukucinga ukuba yiyiphi imizamo ekufuneka ichithwe kwi-pragmatist kwaye ucinge ukuba "inenhlanhla" inxibelelwano.
Pragmatism kwifilosofi
Ukusetyenziswa kweengcamango ze-pragmatism, ezenziwe njengendlela emelekileyo kuphela kwikhulu le-18, zingalandelwa phakathi kwefilosofi zakudala ezifana noSocrates no-Aristotle. I-Pragmatism kwifilosofi yombono oye wathatha indawo okanye ngokuchasene nomoya wokucinga, "waqhawula umtshato," wacinga uCicer Pierce. Isiseko esilandelayo, esaziwa ngokuba yi "Piers principle", ichaza i-pragmatism njengezenzo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwento kunye nokufumana iziphumo kwizinto ezenziwayo. Iingcamango zokugonywa ziqhubeka nokuphuhliswa kwimisebenzi yabanye abafilosofi abaziwayo:
- UWork James (ngo-1862 ukuya ku-1910) wefilosofi-isazi seengqondo-wadala imfundiso yezobuqhetseba. Kwizifundo waphendukela kwiinyaniso, izenzo zokuziphatha kunye nezenzo ezenziwayo, ukugatya izinto ezingabonakaliyo, iingcamango ezingaqinisekanga.
- UJohn Dewey (1859-1952) - umsebenzi wakhe wawukuhlakulela i-pragmatism ukuze kuzuze abantu ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi. I-Instrumentalism yindlela esitsha esilwayo eyenziwe nguDewey, apho iingcamango kunye neengcamango ezibhekise phambili zikhonza abantu njengezixhobo ezitshintsha ubomi bomntu ukuze zibe ngcono.
- R. Rorty (1931 - 2007) - isazi sefilosofi u-neo-pragmatist wayekholelwa ukuba nayiphi na ulwazi, nokuba yenzelwa ukulinganisa, yimeko engaphelelanga kwaye imiselwe ngokomlando.
Pragmatism kwi Psychology
I-Pragmatism yengqondo yinto eyenziwa ngumntu okhokelela kwisiphumo esithile esilindelekileyo. Kukho uhlobo oluthethayo oluthethayo oluthile, oluninzi lwabantu. Ukuhamba kwamhlanje kubonisa ukuba abafazi abaneempumelelo efanayo bafezekisa iinjongo zabo. Indlela yokwenza ingqondo kwi-psychology ihlukanisa ukubonakaliswa komlingiswa wabantu ukuba uphumelele (luncedo) kwaye akunamsebenzi (ukuvimbela indlela eya empumelelweni). Ukulumkela kunye ne-pragmatism isiqinisekiso sobomi obuhle, i-pragmatists ingqalelo, ngoxa iingcali zengqondo zibona ezi ndawo zibalulekileyo kungekhona kumbala wemibala:
- i-pragmatism ayikho imodeli yezinto eziphilayo;
- Izigulane zivame ukuphula indlela yokuphila yobomi kunye nezokuziphatha: ngenxa yazo kubaluleke kakhulu, kwaye akukho ukusebenzisana kwabantu;
- kumazwe amaninzi i-pragmatism ibonakele indlela yokufa. Ukudibanisa abantu ukufikelela kwiziphumo - kuthathwa njengento ephambili.
Pragmatism kwinkolo
Ingcamango ye pragmatism isisiseko sayo kwinkolo. Umntu wesinye isinye okanye esinye isivumelwano esisebenzisana nomgaqo kaThixo ngokusebenzisa amava okuzibamba: ukuzila ukudla, ukuthandaza, ukungabi nobuthongo, ukunyaniseka - ezi zixhobo eziphathekayo eziphuhlisiwe kwiinkulungwane zexesha ezinceda ukungena kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo zobumbano noThixo. I-Pragmatism ininzi ichazwe kumgaqo wamaProtestanti wenkululeko yesazela-ilungelo lokuzikhethela inkululeko yokuzikhethela kunye nenkolelo.
Indlela yokuphuhlisa i-pragmatism?
Ngaba kukufanelekile ukuhlakulela iimpawu, eziza kuthethwa ngabantu abaninzi? Konke akukona okubaluleke kakhulu, kwaye i-pragmatism ekusebenziseni ngokulinganayo isicwangciso esihle ekuphumezeni iziphumo ezizinzileyo. Uphuhliso lwe-pragmatism lwakhiwe ngokulandelela nokusetyenziswa kweendlela ezininzi ebomini bakhe:
- ukuqala ngemisebenzi emincinci kunye neenjongo - kubangele kwisigqibo esinengqiqo;
- ukuphathwa kwexesha elifanelekileyo: ukugcina idayari, echaza imisebenzi yonke yemihla ngeyure;
- ukucwangcisa iinjongo ezifutshane kunye nexesha elide (izihlandlo, izixhobo zokuphunyezwa, uluhlu lwabafowunelwa ngabantu abangabalulekanga);
- ukwahlukana kwemisebenzi emikhulu kumanyathelo athatyathelo ngamanyathelo;
- ukuzimela: fumana iziphazamiso kwaye uziphelise, uhambelane nesicwangciso esicwangcisiweyo;
- sebenze ngeemvakalelo: ukuphucula ngokwakho ukuzola kunye negazi lokubanda;
- indlela 'yokukhohlisa ukuqonda' kukuba umntu uthi ngokwakhe "Ndiza kusebenza kancinci kwaye ubukele i-movie, thabatha uhambo", njl njl. Oku kunceda ukuvuselela ingqondo engagciniyo ukuba isebenze, ngoko kufuneka uzinike umvuzo othembisiwe.