I-London Underground ngowokuqala ehlabathini. Inkqubo yesimitha yesimanje yeLondon yenye yezona zikhulu kwihlabathi, kunye neyesine ubude emva kweemitha eSeoul, eBeijing naseShanghai.
Liliphi igama lomzila ongaphantsi kwiseLondon?
Igama le-London Underground London Underground, kodwa ngeentetho eziqhelekileyo isiNgesi siyibiza nge-tube.
Imbali ye-London Underground
Kwakuvela nini umgwaqo ongaphantsi kwiseLondon?
Ngekhulu le-XIX, kwikomkhulu yaseBrithani enkulu, njengakwezinye iidolophu ezinkulu zehlabathi, umbuzo okhuselekileyo wokugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo iindlela eziphambili. Ngowe-1843, ngokweprojekthi kaMark Brunel, unjiniyela waseFransi, umjelo wakhiwa phantsi kweThames, okokuqala okokuqala kwihlabathi kubonisa ukuphuhliswa komgangatho wesithili. Iingxowa zokuqala zendlela yangasese zakhiwe kwindlela emanzi, xa i-moat yayigqiwe malunga ne-10 m deep, ngasezantsi yayisetyenziswe imigwaqo yesitimela, eyayiyidala.
Umgca wokuqala we-metro wavulwa ngoJanuwari 10, 1863. Isitimela seMetroro sasiquka izikhululo ezi-7, ubude obude beetrakthi zayi-6 km. Amandla alolu hlobo lwama-locomotives, awatshisa kakhulu, kwaye iifestile zala ma-trailers zalahleka ngenxa yokuba iinjineli zazikholelwa ukuba akukho nto ingayiqwalasela phantsi komhlaba. Nangona kukho iziphazamiso ezithile, i-London Underground ukususela ekuqaleni yayikuthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabemi belikhulu.
Uphuhliso lwe-London Underground
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX, umzila ongaphantsi kwelaseLondon, malunga nezikhululo ezitsha zaqala ukwakha izakhiwo ezintsha zedolophu. Ngowe-1906, izitimela zokuqala zombane zaqaliswa, kwaye emva konyaka, ekwakhiweni kwezitishi ezintsha, kwindlela esethenjisiweyo kunye nekhuselekileyo isetyenzisiweyo - "ukukhusela iinqwelo", ngenxa yokuba kwakungekho mfuneko ukumba imigodi yokuloba.
Imephu yaseMondon phantsi komhlaba
Imephu yokuqala yomasipala waseMoscow wadalwa ngowe-1933. Abaninzi abakhenkethi baqaphele ukuba isicwangciso samanje seLondon sinokudideka, kodwa ukuqonda ubunzima bemigca xa ukhetha indlela efanelekileyo kunye nemephu kunceda amaninzi amabhodi eenkcukacha kunye nezikhombisi.
Inethiwekhi yendlela yomgwaqo iqukethe imigca eyi-11, kwaye iindawo ezihlukeneyo zendawo: 4 zazo ziyimigca engacacanga (malunga ne-5 m ngaphantsi kwehlabathi), i-7 ekhoyo yimizila enzulu (kwimitha engama-20 ukusuka phezulu). Okwangoku, ubude be-London Underground bubungama-402 km, apho ngaphantsi kwesigamu ngaphantsi komhlaba.
Abakhenkethi, abaphupha ukutyelela i-Great Britain, baya kuba nomdla ukwazi ukuba zingaphi izitishi zendlela ephantsi kweLondon? Ngoko, ngoku kukho izikhululo ezingama-270, ezi-14 zazo zingaphandle kweLondon. Kwiingingqi ezi-6 zeedolophu ezihamba ngaphantsi kwee-meter ezingama-32 azilahlekanga.
Iindleko zemetrosi eLondon
Intlawulo kwi-metro yaseLondon incike kummandla kunye nenani lokudluliselwa kwelinye indawo ukuya kwelinye. Ingqikithi kwiindawo eziphantsi komhlaba waseLondon zichazwe. Ukugqitha ukusuka kwinqanaba lommandla kunye neenguqu ezincinci ezenziwe ngenjongo yokutshintshwa kwendawo enye ukuya kwelinye, ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho iindleko zokuhamba. Ukongezelela, ngeveki zokuhamba iindleko ezincinci kuneentsuku zokusebenza.
IiLondon phantsi kweeyure
Ixesha lokusebenza komhlaba phantsi eLondon kuxhomekeke kwimimandla. Kwindawo yokuqala, izikhululo ezivuliwe ngo-04.45, indawo yesibini ivuliwe ukusuka ngo-05: 30 ukuya ku-01.00. Kukho ezinye iinkalo zokuqala nokuphela komsebenzi kwezinye iindawo. I-metro ivuliwe unyaka wonke kwiNtsha omtsha kunye neentsuku zemibhiyozo yesizwe.
Ngomhla kaJanuwari 2013, isiqingatha se-metro endala sehlabathi sagqiba umnyaka we-150. Abantu baseLondon bajonga izithuthi zabo ezingaphantsi komhlaba kwaye zihle kakhulu! Inethiwekhi yesetropolitan yedolophu iqhubeka kwaye ihlaziywa.
