Kwiminyaka yokugqibela iikhomputha ziphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza. Enyanisweni, ekukhunjweni kwesinye isizukulwana, bahamba besuka kwibhubhu ye-bulky, bahlala emagumbini amakhulu ukuya kumacwecwe amancinci. Imemori kunye nesantya kwanda ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa kwafika ixesha xa imisebenzi ibonakala ingekho ngaphaya kwamandla akwiikhompyutheni zamandla amaninzi.
Iyintoni ikhompyutheni ye-quantum?
Ukuvela kwemisebenzi emitsha engaphaya kolawulo lweekhompyutha eziqhelekileyo, unyanzelekile ukukhangela amathuba amatsha. Kwaye, njengenye indlela kwiikhompyutha eziqhelekileyo, kubonakala i-quantum. Ikhompyutheni ye-quantum yinkqubo yekhompyutheni, isiseko sento, esekelwe kwimimandla ye-quantum mechanics. Izibonelelo eziphambili ze-quantum mechanics zaqulunqwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokugqibela. Ukubonakala kwayo kwakunceda ukuxazulula iingxaki ezininzi ze-physics ezingakhange zifumane isisombululo kwi-physics physics.
Nangona i-theory ye-quanta sele isele ikhulu leminyaka yesibini, iyaqhubeka iyaqondakala kuphela kwinqanaba elincinane leengcali. Kodwa kukho imiphumo yangempela yemishini ye-quantum, esiyifumene nayo-iteknoloji ye-laser, tomography. Kwaye ekupheleni kwekhulu elidlulileyo imfundiso ye-quantum calculation yenziwa ngu-Yu-physicist Yu. Kwiminyaka emihlanu kamva, uDavid Deutsch watyhila ingcamango yomshini we-quantum.
Ingaba kukho ikhomputha yocingo?
Kodwa ukubonakaliswa kweengcamango kwakungelula. Ngexesha elide, kukho iingxelo ukuba enye ikhompyutheni ye-quantum yenziwe. Uphuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe bekhompyutheni lusetyenziswa yiziqhwala endle kwitheknoloji yolwazi:
- I-D-Wave yinkampani esuka eKhanada, eyona yokuqala yokuqala ukuvelisa imveliso yeekhompyutheni ze-quantum. Nangona kunjalo, iingcali zixubusha ukuba ngaba iikhomputha ziyimakhompiyutha ye-quantum kwaye ziphi iingenelo abazinikayo.
- I-IBM - yenze ikhompyutheni ye-quantum, kwaye ivulele kubasebenzisi be-intanethi malunga nokuvavanya nge-algorithms ye-quantum. Ngo-2025 inkampani iceba ukwenza umzekelo onokukwazi ukusombulula iingxaki ezikhoyo.
- I-Google - yamemezela ukukhululwa kwalo nyaka wekhompyutha ekwazi ukubonisa ubukhulu beekhomputha ze-quantum kwiikhompyutha eziqhelekileyo.
- Ngo-Meyi 2017, izazinzulu zaseTshayina e-Shanghai zathi ikhompyutha enamandla kakhulu emhlabeni wonke yadalwa, iinguqu ezigqithiseleyo kwixesha eliphindwe ngamaxesha angama-24.
- NgoJulayi 2017, kwiNgqungquthela yaseMoscow kwi-Quantum Technologies, kwaziswe ukuba kukho ikhompyutha ye-51-qubit quantum.
Uthini umahluko phakathi kwekhompyutheni ye-quantum kunye nekhompyutha eqhelekileyo?
Ukwahlula okubalulekileyo kwikhomputha ye-quantum kwindlela yokubala.
- Kwiprojekthi eqhelekileyo, zonke izibalo zisekelwe kwiibhakthi ezikhoyo kumabini amabini 1 okanye 0. Oko kukuthi, wonke umsebenzi unciphise ukuhlalutya inani elikhulu leenkcukacha zokuthotyelwa kweemeko ezichaziweyo. Ikhompyutheni ye-quantum isekelwe kwiingqungquthela (i-quantum bits). Isiqalo sabo siyakwazi ukuhlala kwi-state 1, 0, kunye ne-1 kunye no-1kanye.
- Ubuchule bekhompyutheni ye-quantum bunyuke kakhulu, kuba akukho mfuneko yokukhangela impendulo efanelekileyo phakathi kweteti. Kule meko, impendulo ikhethwa kwizinto ezikhoyo ezikhoyo sele zinokubakho kwencwadi.
Iyintoni ikhompyutheni ye-quantum?
Umgaqo wekhompyutheni ye-quantum, eyakhelwe ekukhethweni kwesisombululo ngokunokwenzeka okwaneleyo kunye nokukwazi ukufumana isisombululo esininzi ngokukhawuleza kunamakhompyutha anamhlanje, sinquma injongo yokusetyenziswa kwayo. Okokuqala, ukuvela kwale khompyutha iteknoloji ixhalabisa abakhweli bee-cryptographers. Oku kungenxa yokukwazi kwikhompyutha ye-quantum ukubala ngokulula amaphasiwedi. Ngoko, ikhompyutha enamandla kunayo yonke, eyenziwe ngabasosayensi baseRussia-baseMerika, iyakwazi ukufumana izihluthulelo kwiinkqubo zokubhala ngekhowudi.
Kukho nemisebenzi eluncedo kakhulu ekusebenziseni iikhomputha ze-quantum, zidibaniswe nokuziphatha kweengqungquthela zeplasini, imfuza, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, iimarike zezemali, ukukhuselwa kwamanethiwekhi ezivela kwiintsholongwane, ingqiqo yolwazi kunye nezinye ezininzi ukuba iikhomputha eziqhelekileyo azikwazi ukuzisombulula.
Ikhompyutheni ye-quantum ilungiselelwe njani?
Ukwakhiwa kwekhompyutheni ye-quantum kusekelwe ekusebenziseni i-qubits. Njengokwenziwa komzimba kwee-qubits ezisetyenziswa ngoku:
- amacongcelo aphezulu abaphethe i-jumpers, kunye nekhoyo yangoku;
- ii-athomu ngabanye, ngaphantsi kwefuthe lemizila ye-laser;
- ion;
- iiphoton;
- izixhobo zokusetyenziswa kwee-crystal of semiconductors ziphuhliswa.
Ikhomputha ye-Quantum - umgaqo wokusebenza
Ukuba kukho ikhompyutheni eklasini kumsebenzi, ngoko umbuzo wendlela yokusebenza kwikhompyutheni eninzi kunzima ukuphendula. Inkcazo yokusebenza kwekhompyutheni ye-quantum isekelwe kwiibinzana ezimbini ezingenakuqondakala:
- Umgaqo wokuqulunqwa kombuzo ngumbuzo wee-qubits ezikwazi ukuxhomekeka kwizikhundla 1 no-0. Oku kwenza ukuba izibalo ezininzi zenzeke ngokukodwa, kunokuba ukhethe okukhethwa kukho, okunika inzuzo enkulu ngexesha;
- I-quantum entanglement yinto ephawulwe ngu-A. Einstein, ekudibaniseleni kweengqungqwana ezimbini. Ngamazwi alula, ukuba enye yeengqungquthela inexabiso elihle, ngoko ke okwesibini kwangoko kuthatha ityala elihle. Olu lwalamano lwenzeka naluphi na umgama.
Ngubani owasungula ikhompyutha ye-quantum?
Isiseko semishini ye-quantum sichazwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokugqibela, njengengcamango. Uphuhliso lwayo ludibaniswe nezobuchwepheshe ezinjenge-Max Planck, uA. Einstein, uPaul Dirac. Ngo-1980, u-Antonov wacetyisa ingcamango yokuba kungenzeka ukubalwa kwamanani. Kwaye unyaka kamva uRichard Feyneman kwimfundiso yelungiselelo lekhompyutha yokuqala ye-quantum.
Ngoku kudala iikhompyutheni ze-quantum kwinqanaba lokuphuhlisa kwaye kunzima ukucinga ukuba yintoni ikhompyutha eyenzileyo. Kodwa kuyacaca ukuba ukuqonda esi sikhokelo kuya kubangela abantu abaninzi ukufumana izinto ezintsha kwiindawo zonke zesayensi, kuya kusivumela ukuba sijonge kwihlabathi elincinci kunye nelikhulu, ukuba sifunde ngakumbi malunga nemeko yengqondo, i-genetics.